Annual Report on Atmospheric and Marine Environment Monitoring
— Figures and Tables —
Fig. 2.1 Inter-annual variations in the radiative forcing of three major greenhouse gases analysed from WDCGG data.
Fig. 2.1.1 Atmospheric concentration of important long-lived greenhouse gases over the last 2000 years (from IPCC, 2007).
Fig. 2.1.2 Annual carbon budgets around the globe and their breakdown in the 1990s (based on IPCC 2007).
Fig. 2.1.3 Time series of the estimated growth rate from anthropogenic emissions (green + yellow), the observed annual mean growth rate of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (yellow), and estimated absorption by nature (green). CO2 emissions were calculated by CDIAC based on the United Nations Energy Statistics (Boden et al., 2009）. The observed growth rate is analyzed by the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG).
Fig. 2.1.4 CO2 concentration as simulated by the Coupled Climate-Carbon Cycle Models for the SRES A2 emission scenario (red) compared with the standard atmospheric CO2 concentration used as a forcing for many IPCC AR4 climate models (black) (from IPCC, 2007).
Fig. 2.1.1.1 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Ryori in 2008. Solid line shows the monthly concentration and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.1.1.2 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.1.1.3 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.1.1.4 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima.
Fig. 2.1.1.5 Time series of annual growth rates in atmospheric CO2 concentration at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima. The annual growth rates are estimated by the time derivative of the deseasonalized concentration.
Fig. 2.1.2.1 Temporal development of the latitudinal distributions of atmospheric CO2 concentrations (top), deseasonalized concentrations (middle) and growth rates (bottom) for the period 1983–2008.
Fig. 2.1.2.2 Time series of deseasonalized atmospheric CO2 concentrations (top) and growth rates (bottom) for each 30-degree latitudinal zone.
Fig. 2.1.2.3 Time series of atmospheric CO2 growth rates in the tropics (30°N–30°S) and its comparison with the Southern Oscillation Index inversed sign (top), SST anomaly in the east equatorial Pacific (4°N–4°S, 90–150°W) (middle), and land-surface temperature anomaly in the tropics calculated from JRA-25 reanalysis data (Onogi et al., 2007). The solid line shows the growth rate, and the dotted line shows each parameter (five-month running-mean).
Fig. 2.1.2.4 Time series of atmospheric CO2 concentrations for each 30-degree latitudinal zone in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.1.3.1 Time series of the ENSO index and estimated monthly CO2 fluxes from land and ocean areas estimated by inversion analysis. Background fluxes (ocean absorption (−2 Gt/year), land and anthropogenic emissions (4 Gt/year)) are subtracted.
Fig. 2.1.4.1 Distributions of the difference in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) between seawater and air: (a) 17 January to 10 March 2008, (b) 22 April to 10 May 2008, (c) 14 June to 16 August 2008 and (d) 31 October to 23 November 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.2 Latitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 137°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 25 January to 6 February 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.3 Latitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 137°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 23 April to 3 May 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.4 Latitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 137°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 5 August to 15 August 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.5 Latitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 137°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 6 to 15 November 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.6 Latitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 165°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 25 January to 14 February 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.7 Latitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 165°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 22 June to 18 July 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.8 The observed values (closed circles) of the difference in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) between seawater and air in (a) January–February and (b) August 2008, the seasonal mean values (open circles: the periods are (a) from 1984 to 2007 and (b) from 1990 to 2007) and the ranges of standard deviation (shaded areas).
Fig. 2.1.4.9 Longitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along the line southeast of the Kuril Islands from 18 to 22 June 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.10 Longitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along the equator from 12 to 22 February 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.11 Longitudinal distributions of (a) atmospheric and oceanic CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along the equator from 20 to 26 July 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.12 Interannual and latitudinal variations in CO2 in sea surface water at latitudes 3–33°N along 137°E in the winters from 1984 to 2008.
Fig. 2.1.4.13 Interannual variations in atmospheric and oceanic CO2 in summer (oceanic only) and winter averaged between 7°N and 33°N along 137°E from 1984 to 2008.
Fig. 2.1.5.1 Latitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along 137°E from 27 January to 6 February 2008.
Fig. 2.1.5.2 Latitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along 137°E from 5 to 13 August 2008.
Fig. 2.1.5.3 Latitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along 165°E from 25 January to 15 February 2008.
Fig. 2.1.5.4 Latitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along 165°E from 22 June to 17 July 2008.
Fig. 2.1.5.5 Latitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along 165°E from 22 June to 17 July 2008.
Fig. 2.1.6.1 Monthly distributions of the difference in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) between seawater and air in 2008, estimated using the empirical interpolation method.
Fig. 2.1.6.2 Monthly (a) and annual (b) net CO2 exchange between air and sea in the western subtropical North Pacific (11–30°N, 130–165°E). Positive values indicate CO2 emission from the ocean into the atmosphere, and negative values indicate absorption of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean. The ΔpCO2 value was taken from the monthly distributions shown in Fig. 2.1.6.1.
Fig. 2.1.6.3 Monthly distributions of the difference in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) between seawater and air in 2008, estimated using the empirical method.
Fig. 2.1.6.4 Monthly (a) and annual (b) net CO2 exchange between air and sea in the equatorial Pacific (10°S–5°N, 135°E–95°W). Positive values indicate CO2 emission from the ocean into the atmosphere, and negative values indicate absorption of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean. The ΔpCO2 value was taken from the monthly distributions shown in Fig. 2.1.6.3. El Niño and La Niña events are indicated in red and blue respectively in (a).
Table 2.1.1.1 Summary of the CO2 observations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima in 2008. "In-year variation" indicates the difference between the maximum and the minimum monthly mean concentrations. The observation system at Yonagunijima was replaced in January 2008. The growth rate is calculated in consideration of the difference between the new and old systems.
| 2008年平均濃度 Annual mean concentration in 2008 (ppm) | 前年との濃度差 Growth from 2007 (ppm) | 季節による濃度差 In-year variation (ppm) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 綾里 Ryori | 388.5 | +1.9 | 13.4 |
| 南鳥島 Minamitorishima | 386.6 | +2.0 | 7.5 |
| 与那国島 Yonagunijima | 388.0 | (+1.9) | 9.0 |
Fig. 2.2.1.1 Time series of monthly atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Ryori in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.2.1.2 Time series of monthly atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.2.1.3 Time series of monthly atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.2.1.4 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric CH4 concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima.
Fig. 2.2.1.5 Time series of annual growth rates in atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima. The annual growth rates are estimated from the time derivative of the deseasonalized concentration.
Fig. 2.2.2.1 Temporal development of the latitudinal distributions of atmospheric CH4 concentrations (top), deseasonalized concentrations (middle), and growth rates (bottom) for the period 1984–2008.
Fig. 2.2.2.2 Time series of deseasonalized atmospheric CH4 concentrations (top) and growth rates (bottom) for each 30-degree latitude zone.
Fig. 2.2.2.3 Time series of global mean CH4 growth rates and their comparison with land surface temperature anomaly calculated from JRA-25 reanalysis data. The solid line shows the growth rates, and the dots show temperature anomalies. Temperature anomalies are averaged as a five-month running mean.
Fig. 2.2.2.4 Time series of atmospheric CH4 concentrations for each 30-degree latitudinal zone in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.2.3.1 Latitudinal distributions of (a) the atmospheric and the oceanic CH4, (b) sea surface temperature (SST) and (c) sea surface salinity along 137°E from 25 January to 6 February 2008.
Fig. 2.2.3.2 Latitudinal distributions of (a) the atmospheric and the oceanic CH4, (b) sea surface temperature (SST) and (c) sea surface salinity along 147°E from 19 to 27 June 2008.
Fig. 2.2.3.3 Distributions of the difference of the CH4 partial pressure between the sea water and the air (ΔpCH4): (a) 25 January - 17 February 2008, (b) 14 to 27 June 2008.
Fig. 2.2.3.4 Latitude-depth cross section of dissolved methane (nmol/kg) along 147°E from 19 to 27 June 2008.
Fig. 2.2.3.5 Latitude-depth cross section of methane saturation (%) relative to atmospheric methane along 147°E from 19 to 27 June 2008.
Table 2.2.1.1 Summary of CH4 observations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima in 2008. "In-year variation" indicates the difference between the maximum and minimum monthly mean concentrations.
| 2008年平均濃度 Annual mean concentration in 2008 (ppb) | 前年との濃度差 Growth from 2007 (ppb) | 季節による濃度差 In-year variation (ppb) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 綾里 Ryori | 1,876 | +8 | 51 |
| 南鳥島 Minamitorishima | 1,814 | +9 | 61 |
| 与那国島 Yonagunijima | 1,840 | +16 | 91 |
Fig. 2.3.1 Time series of global mean concentrations of atmospheric halocarbons using monthly mean measurements mainly from the AGAGE and NOAA/GMD networks (from IPCC, 2007).
Fig. 2.3.1.1 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 concentrations at Ryori. Only data selected as background are shown.
Fig. 2.3.1.2 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric CH3CCl3 and CCl4 concentrations at Ryori. Only data selected as background are shown. The CCl4 concentrations until January 2008 are corrected for the gaps (+7.9 ppt) between the old and new systems.
Fig. 2.3.2.1 Time series of monthly mean concentrations of atmospheric CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, CBrClF2, CBrF3, CCl4, H3CCl3 and CH3Br. Solid circles show data at sites located in the Northern Hemisphere, and open circles show those at sites located in the Southern Hemisphere. All data reported to the WDCGG are shown.
Table 2.3.1 Lifetimes and global warming potentials for halocarbons.
| 種類 Name | 寿命（年） Lifetime (years) | 地球温暖化係数 Global Warming Potential |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20年 20 years | 100年 100 years | 500年 500 years |
||
| クロロフルオロカーボン類 CFCs | 45 – 1,700 | 5,310 – 11,000 | 4,750 – 14,400 | 1,620 – 16,400 |
| ハロン類 Halons | 16 – 65 | 3,680 – 8,480 | 1,640 – 7,140 | 503 – 2,760 |
| 四塩化炭素 CCl4 | 26 | 2,700 | 1,400 | 435 |
| 臭化メチル CH3Br | 0.7 | 17 | 5 | 1 |
| 1,1,1-トリクロロエタン CH3CCl3 | 5 | 506 | 146 | 45 |
| ハイドロクロロフルオロカーボン類 HCFCs | 1.3 – 17.9 | 273 – 5,490 | 77 – 2,310 | 24 – 705 |
| ハイドロフルオロカーボン類 HFCs | 1.4 – 270 | 437 – 12,000 | 124 – 14,800 | 38 – 12,200 |
| パーフルオロカーボン類 PFCs | 740 – 50,000 | 5,210 – 16,300 | 7,390 – 22,800 | 11,200 – 32,600 |
Fig. 2.4.1.1 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric N2O concentrations at Ryori. Only data selected as background are shown.
Fig. 2.4.2.1 Time series of monthly mean N2O concentrations (blue dots) and deseasonalized concentrations (red line) for the globe.
Fig. 2.5.1.1 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO concentrations at Ryori in 2008. Solid line shows the monthly concentration and dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.5.1.2 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.5.1.3 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2008.
Fig. 2.5.1.4 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric CO concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima.
Fig. 2.5.2.1 Temporal development of the latitudinal distributions of atmospheric CO concentrations (top), deseasonalized concentrations (middle), and growth rates (bottom) for the period 1992–2008.
Fig. 2.5.2.2 Time series of deseasonalized atmospheric CO concentrations (top) and growth rates (bottom) for each 30-degree latitudinal zone.
Fig. 2.5.2.3 Time series of atmospheric CO concentrations for each 30-degree latitudinal zone in 2007. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Table 2.5.1.1 Summary of CO observations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima in 2008. "In-year variation" indicates the difference between the maximum and minimum monthly mean concentrations. The observation system at Yonagunijima was replaced in January 2008. The difference between the old and new system is now under investigation.
| 2008年平均濃度 Annual mean concentration in 2008 (ppb) | 前年との濃度差 Growth from 2007 (ppb) | 季節による濃度差 In-year variation (ppb) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 綾里 Ryori | 168 | +2 | 91 |
| 南鳥島 Minamitorishima | 106 | −5 | 90 |
| 与那国島 Yonagunijima | 139 | − | 136 |
Fig. 2.6.1 Time series of partial ozone pressure (mPa) at 700-hPa height at Tsukuba from 1970 after subtracting such influences as seasonal variation, the effects of solar activity and QBO.
Fig. 2.6.2 The number of sites as classified according to the annual maximum ozone concentration (from a press release by the Ministry of the Environment).
Fig. 2.6.1.1 Time series of monthly surface O3 concentrations at Ryori in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.6.1.2 Time series of monthly surface O3 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.6.1.3 Time series of monthly surface O3 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.6.1.4 Time series of monthly mean surface O3 concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima.
Fig. 2.6.2.1 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio at Sapporo in 2008. The symbol 'x' shows the tropopause height.
Fig. 2.6.2.2 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio at Tsukuba in 2008. The symbol 'x' shows the tropopause height.
Fig. 2.6.2.3 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio at Naha in 2008. The symbol 'x' shows the tropopause height.
Fig. 2.6.2.4 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio averaged for the period 1989–2008 from ozonesonde observations at Sapporo.
Fig. 2.6.2.5 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio averaged for the period 1989–2008 from ozonesonde observations at Tsukuba.
Fig. 2.6.2.6 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio averaged for the period 1989–2008 from ozonesonde observations at Naha.
Fig. 2.6.3.1 Time series of monthly mean surface O3 concentrations at Syowa in 2008. The solid line shows the monthly mean concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly mean concentration and the reference concentration).
Fig. 2.6.3.2 Time series of monthly mean surface O3 concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Syowa.
Table 2.6.1.1 Summary of O3 observations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima in 2008. "In-year variation" indicates the difference between the maximum and minimum monthly mean concentration.
| 2008年平均濃度 Annual mean concentration in 2008 (ppb) | 前年との濃度差 Growth from 2006 (ppb) | 季節による濃度差 In-year variation (ppb) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 綾里 Ryori | 38 | −2 | 22 |
| 南鳥島 Minamitorishima | 24 | −1 | 28 |
| 与那国島 Yonagunijima | 38 | 0 | 31 |
Fig. 3.1.1.1 Time series of daily total ozone (top) and mean time-height cross section of ozone partial pressure (bottom) at Sapporo in 2008. The top panel shows daily mean values (for the period 1971–2000) and standard deviation (the green area). The symbol 'x' in the bottom panel denotes the tropopause height.
Fig. 3.1.1.2 Time series of daily total ozone (top) and mean time-height cross section of ozone partial pressure (bottom) at Tsukuba (Tateno) in 2008. The top panel shows daily mean value (for the period 1971–2000) and standard deviation (the green area). The symbol 'x' in the bottom panel denotes the tropopause height.
Fig. 3.1.1.3 Time series of daily total ozone at Naha in 2008. The top panel shows daily mean value (for the period 1974–2000) and standard deviation (the green area). The symbol 'x' in the bottom panel denotes the tropopause height.
Fig. 3.1.1.4 Time series of daily total ozone at Minamitorishima in 2008. The mean for the period 1994–2007 is shown.
Fig. 3.1.1.5 Monthly means and normals of total ozone at four stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno, Naha and Minamitorishima). Closed circles indicate the values for 2008 and solid lines indicate the normal (the average for the period 1971–2000 except Naha (1974–2000) and Minamitorishima (1994–2007)) with bars to represent standard deviations.
Fig. 3.1.1.6 Time series of annual mean total ozone since observations started at four stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno, Naha and Minamitorishima).
Fig. 3.1.1.7 Monthly trend of total ozone over Japan. The trends were estimated from the EESC (Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine) curve fitting the data for the period 1979–2008, and expressed as a ratio (%) of the value in 2008 to that in 1979 on the curve.
Fig. 3.1.1.8 Vertical profiles of ozone trend at three stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno and Naha) estimated from ozonesondes and Umkehr observations. The trends were estimated as described for the caption of Fig. 3.1.1.7. Closed circles show ozone sonde observations and open circles show Umkehr observations. The solid lines show 95% confidence limits.
Fig. 3.1.2.1 Time series of daily total ozone (top) and vertical profile of ozone partial pressure (bottom) at Syowa in Antarctica in 2008. Top panel shows daily mean values (for the period 1971–2000) and standard deviation (the green area). The symbol 'x' in the bottom panel denotes the tropopause height.
Fig. 3.1.2.2 Monthly means and normals of total ozone at one station in Antarctica (Syowa Station). Closed circles indicate the values for 2008, and the dotted and solid lines are used to indicate values before (1961–1980) and after (1981–2000) the first appearance of the ozone hole, respectively. Bars with the solid line show standard deviations for the period 1981–2000.
Fig. 3.1.2.3 Total ozone distribution in the Southern Hemisphere on 12 September 2008, when the ozone hole reached its maximum size for 2008. This is based on OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.2.4 Daily changes in the ozone hole area in 2008 (top) and annual changes in the maximum ozone hole area since 1979 (bottom). The ozone hole area is defined as the region in which total ozone ≤ 220 m atm-cm. In the top figure, the red line shows daily changes in the ozone hole area for 2008, and the black lines show the maximum and minimum values for the day over the last 10 years (1998–2007). The bottom figure shows interannual variations in the annual maximum area since 1979. The black horizontal line shows the area of Antarctica. These are based on TOMS data and OMI data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.3.1 Global distribution of annual-mean total ozone as deviation from the normals (%) in 2008. This is based on OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.3.2 Global distribution of monthly-mean total ozone as deviation from the normals (%) in 2008. This is based on OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.3.3 Global distribution of annual mean total ozone averaged for the period 1979–1992. This is based on TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.3.4 Time series of total ozone anomalies as deviation (in %) from the averages for the period 1970–1980. Closed circles indicate satellite data (70°N–70°S). Influences of known periodical natural variations (i.e., solar, volcanic and QBO) are subtracted.
Fig. 3.1.3.5 Global distribution of trends of the total ozone. The trends were estimated from the EESC (Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine) curve fitting TOMS and OMI data for the period 1979–2008, and expressed as a ratio (%) of the value in 2008 to that in 1979 on the curve. Satellite data of TOMS and OMI were supplied by NASA.
Table 3.1.1 Ozone observation programmes by Japanese research laboratories.
| 観測装置名 Instruments | 参加機関 Participating Laboratories | 観測地点 Observation Stations |
|---|---|---|
| フーリエ変換赤外分光光度計 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer | 気象研究所 Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) | つくば（茨城県） Tsukuba, Ibaraki |
| エアロゾルレーザーレーダー Aerosol Laser Radar | 気象研究所 Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) | ローダー（ニュージーランド） Lauder, New Zealand |
| オゾンレーザーレーダー Ozone Laser Radar | 国立環境研究所 National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) | つくば（茨城県） Tsukuba, Ibaraki |
| ミリ波放射計 Millimeter-Wave Radiometer | 国立環境研究所 National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) | 陸別（北海道） Rikubetsu, Hokkaido |
| 可視・赤外分光光度計 Visual and Infrared Spectrometer | 名古屋大学 Nagoya University | 陸別（北海道）、母子里（北海道） Rikubetsu and Moshiri, Hokkaido |
Fig. 3.2.1 CIE erythema reference action spectrum.
Fig. 3.2.1.1 Time series of daily erythemal UV dose at Sapporo in 2008. Daily mean value (for the period 1991–2007) and standard deviation (the green area) are shown.
Fig. 3.2.1.2 Time series of daily erythemal UV dose at Tsukuba in 2008. Daily mean value (for the period 1990–2007) and standard deviation (the green area) are shown.
Fig. 3.2.1.3 Time series of daily erythemal UV dose at Naha in 2008. Daily mean value (for the period 1991–2007) and standard deviation (the green area) are shown.
Fig. 3.2.1.4 Monthly mean values of erythemal UV daily accumulation in 2008 at four stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno and Naha). Closed circles indicate the values in 2008 and solid lines indicate the normal (averaged for the period 1990–2007 for Tsukuba and 1991–2007 for the other stations) with bars to represent standard deviation.
Fig. 3.2.1.5 Time series of annual accumulation of erythemal UV since observations started at three stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno and Naha). The straight lines are regression lines for the whole observation period.
Fig. 3.2.2.1 Changes in the daily maximum UV Index in 2008 at three stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno and Naha). The solid lines show the 15-day running mean values of the daily maximum UV Index (the mean for 1990–2007 at Tsukuba and the mean for 1991–2007 at the other stations).
Fig. 3.2.3.1 Time series of Erythemal dose daily accumulation at Syowa station in Antarctica from 1993 to 2008.
Fig. 3.2.3.2 Daily accumulation of erythemal dose (red closed circles), global solar radiation (blue dotted line) and total ozone (green open circles) at Syowa station in 2008. The 15-day running mean of daily accumulation of erythemal dose (red dashed line) and total ozone (green dashed line) averaged for the period 1993–2007 are also shown.
Fig. 4.1.1 Time series of optical depth at 550 nm associated with stratospheric sulphate aerosols formed in the explosive volcanic eruptions that occurred between 1860 and 2000 (from IPCC, 2007).
Fig. 4.1.1.1 Observation data of aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) and the Ångström exponent (α) at Ryori, Minamitorishima, and Yonagunijima in 2008.
Fig. 4.1.1.2 Time series of monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) and the Ångström exponent (α) at Ryori. Data were not adopted due to filter degradation in the sunphotometer from September to November 1999. Since April 2007, monthly mean values have been based on continuous observations.
Fig. 4.1.1.3 Time series of monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) and the Ångström exponent (α) at Minamitorishima. Data were not adopted from August to November 1999 due to filter degradation in the sunphotometer. Observation was paused in September 2006 due to Typhoon 0612 Ioke. Since April 2007, monthly mean values have been based on continuous observation.
Fig. 4.1.1.4 Time series of monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) and the Ångström exponent (α) at Yonagunijima. No data were obtained in December 1999 due to cloudy weather condition. Since April 2007, monthly mean values are based on continuous observation.
Fig. 4.1.2.1 Time series of hourly aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm): closed circles) and the Ångström exponent (α: open triangles) at Syowa in 2007.
Fig. 4.1.2.2 Time series of monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm): closed circles) and the Ångström exponent (α: open triangles) at Syowa.
Fig. 4.1.2.3 Frequency distribution of aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) at Syowa in 2007.
Fig. 4.1.2.4 Frequency distribution of the Ångström exponent (α) at Syowa in 2007.
Fig. 4.1.3.1 Monthly-mean vertical profiles of the scattering ratio in 2008 (nighttime only).
Fig. 4.1.3.2 Monthly-mean scattering ratio from March 2002 to December 2008.
Fig. 4.1.3.3 Seasonal-mean vertical profiles of the aerosol extinction coefficient from March 2002 to December 2008 (nighttime only).
Fig. 4.2.1.1 The daily number of meteorological stations reporting Kosa dust observation (from March to June 2008).
Fig. 4.2.1.2 Geographical maps of stations reporting Kosa dust observation in 2008.
Fig. 4.2.1.3 Annual representation of the total daily number of meteorological stations reporting Kosa dust observation (from 1967 to 2008).
Fig. 4.3.1 The Earth's annual and global mean energy balance. Of the incoming solar radiation, 49% (168 Wm-2) is absorbed by the surface. This heat is returned to the atmosphere as sensible heat in the form of evapotranspiration (latent heat) and thermal infrared radiation. Most of this radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, which in turn emits radiation both up and down (from IPCC, 2001).
Fig. 4.3.1.1 Time series of the monthly mean of direct solar radiation daily accumulation in 2008. The solid lines show the monthly normals of direct solar radiation. Vertical error bars show standard deviations of monthly means during the period of the normals (1971–2000).
Fig. 4.3.1.2 Time series of the yearly mean of direct solar radiation daily accumulation (1978–2008) averages in Japan. The red line shows the five-year running mean of yearly direct solar radiation.
Fig. 4.3.2.1 Time series of Feussner-Dubois' turbidity coefficient (monthly mean) in 2008. The solid lines show the monthly normals of the turbidity coefficient. Vertical error bars show standard deviations of monthly means in the period of observation.
Fig. 4.3.2.2 Time series of Feussner-Dubois' turbidity coefficient (1935–2008) monthly-minimum averages in Japan.
Fig. 4.3.3.1 Time series of Feussner-Dubois' turbidity coefficient in 2008.
Fig. 4.3.3.2 Time series of Feussner-Dubois' turbidity coefficient for 1980–2008.
Fig. 5.1.1 Time series of pH in precipitation of daily sampling and monthly mean pH weighted by precipitation amounts sampled at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2008.
Fig. 5.1.2 Histograms of pH in precipitation of daily sampling at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2008.
Fig. 5.1.3 Time series of annual mean pH weighted by precipitation amounts at Ryori and Minamitorishima.
Fig. 5.2.1 Time series of sodium ion concentrations in precipitation of daily sampling and monthly mean concentrations weighted by precipitation amounts at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2008.
Fig. 5.2.2 Time series of monthly sodium ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2008.
Fig. 5.2.3 Time series of sulfate ion concentrations in precipitation of daily sampling and monthly mean concentrations weighted by precipitation amounts at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2008.
Fig. 5.2.4 Time series of monthly seasalt (ss) and non-seasalt (nss) sulfate ion deposition amounts (SO42--S) contained in precipitation and dry deposition sampled at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2008.
Fig. 5.2.5 Time series of nitrate ion concentrations in precipitation of daily sampling and monthly mean concentrations weighted by precipitation amounts at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2008.
Fig. 5.2.6 Time series of monthly nitrate ion deposition amounts (NO3--N) contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2008.
Fig. 5.2.7 Time series of annual non-sea salt sulfate ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Ryori.
Fig. 5.2.8 Time series of annual nitrate ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Ryori.
Fig. 5.2.9 Time series of annual non-sea salt sulfate ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Minamitorishima.
Fig. 5.2.10 Time series of annual nitrate ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Minamitorishima.
Fig. 6.1.1 Distributions of floating tarballs: (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer and (d) autumn of 2008.
Fig. 6.1.2 Time series of the concentration of tarballs in the seas adjacent to Japan and along 137°E from 1978 to 2008. The areas are shown in Fig. 6.1.3.
Fig. 6.1.3 Areas for statistics on floating pollutants and floating tarballs: (A) the sea adjacent to Japan and (B) along 137°E.
Fig. 6.1.4 Distributions of floating pollutants: (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer and (d) autumn of 2008.
Fig. 6.1.5 Time series of the number of floating pollutants in the seas adjacent to Japan and along 137°E from 1977 to 2008. The areas are shown in Fig. 6.1.3.
Fig. 6.1.6 20-year averaged distribution of floating pollutants from 1981 to 2000 in 5 deg (latitude) × 5 deg (longitude) grids.
Fig. 6.2.1 Distributions of cadmium concentration in surface sea water: (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer and (d) autumn of 2008. Dots indicate observation stations. Values in parentheses indicate cadmium concentration at a depth of 1,000 m.
Fig. 6.2.2 Distributions of mercury concentration in the surface sea water: (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer and (d) autumn of 2008. Dots indicate observation stations. Values in parentheses indicate mercury concentration at a depth of 1,000 m.
Fig. 7.1.1.1 Location map of Ryori station.
Fig. 7.1.1.2 Location view of Ryori station.
Fig. 7.1.1.3 Daily mean, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and daily precipitation amounts at Ryori station in 2008.
Fig. 7.1.1.4 Monthly and annual wind roses at Ryori station in 2008.
Fig. 7.1.1.5 Location map of Minamitorishima station.
Fig. 7.1.1.6 Location view of Minamitorishima station.
Fig. 7.1.1.7 Daily mean, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and daily precipitation amounts at Minamitorishima station in 2008.
Fig. 7.1.1.8 Monthly and annual wind roses at Minamitorishima station in 2008.
Fig. 7.1.1.9 Location map of Yonagunijima station.
Fig. 7.1.1.10 Location view of Yonagunijima station.
Fig. 7.1.1.11 Daily mean, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and daily precipitation amounts at Yonagunijima station in 2008.
Fig. 7.1.1.12 Monthly and annual wind roses at Yonagunijima station in 2008.
Fig. 7.1.1.13 Location map of Syowa station.
Fig. 7.1.1.14 Location view of Syowa station.
Fig. 7.1.1.15 Daily mean, daily maximum and minimum temperatures at Syowa station in 2007.
Fig. 7.1.1.16 Monthly and annual wind roses at Syowa station in 2008.
Fig. 7.1.1.17 Meteorology observation field at Ryori.
Fig. 7.1.1.18 Meteorological data observation system.
Fig. 7.1.1.19 Isentropic backward trajectories in 2008 over Ryori (blue lines), Minamitorishima (red lines) and Yonagunijima (green lines). Trajectories reverse to seven days before. [January–March, April–June, July–September, October–December]
Fig. 7.1.1.20 Map of regions divided for air-mass trajectory analysis.
Fig. 7.1.1.21 Divisional footprints of air masses reaching Ryori in 2008. [January–June, July–December]
Fig. 7.1.1.22 Divisional footprints of air masses reaching Minamitorishima in 2008. [January–June, July–December]
Fig. 7.1.1.23 Divisional footprints of air masses reaching Yonagunijima in 2008. [January–June, July–December]
Fig. 7.1.1.24 Time series for monthly mean ratios of footprints of air masses reaching Ryori (top), Minamitorishima (middle) and Yonagunijima (bottom). The figures on the left show the averages for the period from 1996 to 2005, and those on the right show the values for 2008.
Fig. 7.1.2.1 Location of the stations for ozone and ultraviolet radiation observation.
Table 7.1.1.1 GAW stations for greenhouse gases, aerosols and precipitation chemistry operated by JMA.
| 観測所名 Station name | 綾里 （大気環境観測所） Ryori | 南鳥島 （南鳥島気象観測所） Minamitorishima | 与那国島 （与那国島特別地域 気象観測所） Yonagunijima | 昭和
（昭和基地） Syowa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 緯度 Latitude | 39°02'N | 24°17'N | 24°28'N | 69°00'S | |
| 経度 Longitude | 141°49'E | 153°59'E | 123°01'E | 39°35'E | |
| 標高 Altitude | 260 m | 8 m | 30 m | 18 m | |
| WMO国際地点番号 WMO station number | 47513 | 47991 | 47912 | 89532 | |
| GAW観測所分類 Station class | 地域観測所 Regional | 全球観測所 Global | 地域観測所 Regional | 地域観測所 Regional | |
| 観測種目 Parameter | 二酸化炭素 CO2 | O | O | O | |
| メタン CH4 | O | O | O | ||
| 一酸化炭素 CO | O | O | O | ||
| 地上オゾン O3 | O | O | O | O | |
| クロロフルオロカーボン類 Chlorofluorocarbons | O | ||||
| 一酸化二窒素 N2O | O | ||||
| 1,1,1-トリクロロエタン （メチルクロロフォルム） CH3CCl3 | O | ||||
| 四塩化炭素 CCl4 | O | ||||
| 降水・降下じん化学成分 Atmospheric deposition | O | O | |||
| エーロゾル光学的厚さ Aerosol optical depth | O | O | O | O | |
| エーロゾル鉛直分布 Aerosol vertical profile | O | ||||
Table 7.1.1.2 Observation parameters, frequency and instruments at Ryori station.
| 観測種目 Parameter |
観測開始 Start of observation |
観測頻度 Frequency |
使用測器 Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二酸化炭素 CO2 |
1987年1月 January 1987 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. VIA500R |
| 2004年1月 January 2004 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. VIA510R |
|
| メタン CH4 |
1991年1月 January 1991 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| 一酸化炭素 CO |
1991年1月 January 1991 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| 地上オゾン O3 |
1990年1月 January 1990 |
連続 Continuous |
紫外線吸収式オゾン濃度計 UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001F |
| 2005年1月 January 2005 |
連続 Continuous |
紫外線吸収式オゾン濃度計（温度・圧力補正付） UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001FTP |
|
| クロロフルオロカーボン類 Chlorofluorocarbons |
1990年1月 January 1990 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD Yanaco Ohgi Co., Ltd. AG-1000EN |
| 2003年9月 September 2003 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-14B |
|
| 2008年2月 February 2008 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-2014 |
|
| 一酸化二窒素 N2O |
1990年1月 January 1990 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD Yanaco Ohgi Co., Ltd. AG-1000EN |
| 2004年3月 March 2004 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-14B |
2008年2月 February 2008 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-2014 |
| 1,1,1-トリクロロエタン （メチルクロロフォルム） CH3CCl3 四塩化炭素 CCl4 |
1991年1月 January 1991 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD Yanaco Ohgi Co., Ltd. AG-1000EN |
| 2005年3月 March 2005 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-14B |
|
| 2008年2月 February 2008 |
1回／1時間 Once per hour |
ECD付ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-2014 |
降水・降下じん化学成分 Atmospheric deposition |
1976年1月 January 1976 |
日ごと（降水） 月ごと（降下じん） Once per day (precipitation) month (atmosphere) |
降水・降下じん自動サンプリング装置 Automatic Sampler Ogasawara Keiki Seisakusho Co.,LTD. |
| エーロゾル光学的厚さ Aerosol optical depth |
1988年1月 January 1988 |
3回／1日 Three times per day |
サンフォトメータ Sunphotometer EKO INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD. MS-110 |
| 2006年1月 January 2006 |
3回／1日 Three times per day |
サンフォトメータ Sunphotometer PMOD/WRC PFR |
|
| 2007年4月 April 2007 |
連続 Continuous |
||
| エーロゾル鉛直分布 Aerosol vertical profile |
2002年3月 March 2002 |
4回／1日 Four times per day |
ライダー Lidar NEC Corporation |
Table 7.1.1.3 Observation parameters, frequency and instruments at Minamitorishima station.
| 観測種目 Parameter |
観測開始 Start of observation |
観測頻度 Frequency |
使用測器 Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二酸化炭素 CO2 |
1993年3月 March 1993 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. VIA510R |
| メタン CH4 |
1994年1月 January 1994 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| 一酸化炭素 CO |
1994年1月 January 1994 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| 地上オゾン O3 |
1994年1月 January 1994 |
連続 Continuous |
紫外線吸収式オゾン濃度計 UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001F |
| 2007年1月 January 2007 |
連続 Continuous |
紫外線吸収式オゾン濃度計（温度・圧力補正付） UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001FTP |
|
| 降水・降下じん化学成分 Atmospheric deposition |
1996年1月 January 1996 |
日ごと（降水） 月ごと（降下じん） Once per day (precipitation) month (atmosphere) |
降水・降下じん自動サンプリング装置 Automatic Sampler Ogasawara Keiki Seisakusho Co.,LTD. |
| エーロゾル光学的厚さ Aerosol optical depth |
1995年1月 January 1995 |
3回／1日 Three times per day |
サンフォトメータ Sunphotometer EKO INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD. MS-110 |
| 2007年4月 April 2007 |
連続 Continuous |
サンフォトメータ Sunphotometer PMOD/WRC PFR |
Table 7.1.1.4 Observation parameters, frequency and instruments at Yonagunijima station.
| 観測種目 Parameter |
観測開始 Start of observation |
観測頻度 Frequency |
使用測器 Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二酸化炭素 CO2 |
1997年1月 January 1997 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. VIA510R |
| 2008年1月 January 2008 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) LI-COR Biosciences, Inc. LI-7000 |
|
| メタン CH4 |
1998年1月 January 1998 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| 2008年1月 January 2008 |
連続 Continuous |
水素炎イオン化検出器(FID)搭載 ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph (FID) Round Science Inc. RGC-1 |
|
| 一酸化炭素 CO |
1998年1月 January 1998 |
連続 Continuous |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| 2008年1月 January 2008 |
連続 Continuous |
還元性ガス検出器(RGD)搭載 ガスクロマトグラフ Gas Chromatograph (RGD) Round Science Inc. TRA-1 |
|
| 地上オゾン O3 |
1997年1月 January 1997 |
連続 Continuous |
紫外線吸収式オゾン濃度計 UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001F |
| 2008年1月 January 2008 |
連続 Continuous |
紫外線吸収式オゾン濃度計（温度・圧力補正付） UV Ozone Monitor Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. 49i |
|
| エーロゾル光学的厚さ Aerosol optical depth |
1998年1月 January 1998 |
3回／1日 Three time per day |
サンフォトメータ Sunphotometer EKO INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD. MS-110 |
| 2007年4月 April 2007 |
連続 Continuous |
サンフォトメータ Sunphotometer PMOD/WRC PFR |
Table 7.1.1.5 Observation parameters, frequency, and instruments at Syowa station.
| 観測種目 Parameter |
観測開始 Start of observation |
観測頻度 Frequency |
使用測器 Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| 地上オゾン O3 |
1997年1月 January 1997 |
連続 Continuous |
紫外線吸収式オゾン濃度計 UV Ozone Monitor Dylec Inc. MODEL1100 |
| エーロゾル光学的厚さ Aerosol optical depth |
1980年1月 January 1980 |
連続 Continuous |
サンフォトメータ Sunphotometer EKO Instruments Co., Ltd. MS-110 |
Table 7.1.2.1 Location and observation parameters of the stations for ozone and ultraviolet radiation observation.
| 観測所名 | 札 幌 Sapporo |
つくば(館野) Tsukuba |
鹿児島 Kagoshima |
那 覇 Naha |
南鳥島 Minamitorishima |
昭和基地 Syowa |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 緯 度 Latitude |
43°03'35"N | 36°03'29"N | 31°33'17"N | 26°12'26"N | 24°17'20"N | 69°00'19"S | |
| 経 度 Longitude |
141°19'43"E | 140°07'33"E | 130°32'53"E | 127°41'11"E | 153°58'01"E | 39°34'52"E | |
| 標 高 Altitude |
26 m | 31 m | 32 m | 28 m | 9 m | 22 m | |
| 国際地点番号 WMO station number |
47412 | 47646 | 47827 | 47936 | 47991 | 89532 | |
| 観測種目 Parameter |
オゾン全量観測 Total ozone |
O | O | O | O | O | O |
| オゾン反転観測 Umkehr |
O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| オゾンゾンデ観測 Ozonesonde |
O | O | O | O | O | ||
| 波長別紫外線観測 Spectral UV radiation |
O | O | O | O | O | ||
| （注）鹿児島の値は、観測を終了した2005年3月末時点のもの。DVDに収録した観測データ利用のために掲載。 Note: Observation at Kagoshima terminated in March 2005. |
Table 7.1.3.1 Stations for direct solar radiation observation.
| 観測所名 | 緯 度 Latitude | 経 度 Longitude | 標 高 Altitude | 国際地点番号 WMO station number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 札 幌 Sapporo | 43°03.5' | 141°19.7' | 17.2 m | 47412 |
| つくば Tsukuba | 36°03.4' | 140°07.5' | 25.2 m | 47646 |
| 福 岡 Fukuoka | 33°34.9' | 130°22.5' | 2.5 m | 47807 |
| 石垣島 Ishigakijima | 24°20.2' | 124°09.8' | 5.7 m | 47918 |
Fig. 7.2.1.1 CO2 observation system at Ryori.
Fig. 7.2.1.2 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Ryori in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.1.3 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.1.4 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.2.1 CH4 and CO observation system at Ryori.
Fig. 7.2.2.2 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Ryori in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.2.3 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.2.4 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.3.1 Chlorofluorocarbon observation system at Ryori.
Fig. 7.2.3.2 1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride observation system at Ryori.
Fig. 7.2.4.1 Nitrous oxide observation system at Ryori.
Fig. 7.2.5.1 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO concentrations at Ryori in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.5.2 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.5.3 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.6.1 Surface ozone observation system at Ryori.
Fig. 7.2.6.2 Time series of hourly mean surface O3 concentrations at Ryori in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.6.3 Time series of hourly mean surface O3 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.6.4 Time series of hourly mean surface O3 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.6.5 Time series of hourly mean surface O3 concentrations at Syowa in 2008.
Fig. 7.2.7.1 Dobson spectrophotometer.
Fig. 7.2.9.1 Ozonesonde (KC Type and ECC Type).
Fig. 7.2.10.1 Brewer spectrophotometer.
Fig. 7.2.10.2 Broadband UV radiometer.
Fig. 7.2.11.1 Sunphotometer.
Fig. 7.2.12.1 Aerosol LIDAR observation system.
Fig. 7.2.12.2 View of LIDAR in operation.
Fig. 7.2.13.1 Direct solar radiation observation system.
Fig. 7.2.14.1 Precipitation and dry deposition sampling system at Minamitorishima.
Table 7.2.12.1 Basic specifications of the aerosol lidar.
| レーザー部 Laser | ||
|---|---|---|
| 出力波長 Output wavelength | 532 [nm] | |
| 出力エネルギー Output energy | 300 [mJ] / pulse | |
| パルス幅 Pulse width | 3.5 [nsec] | |
| パルス繰返し周波数 Pulse frequency | 10 [Hz] | |
| ビーム拡がり角 Beam divergence | 0.12 [mrad] | |
| レーザー型式 Model | Continuum, Inc., Surelite I I-10 | |
| 集光部 Telescope | 対流圏観測用 Troposphere | 成層圏観測用 Stratosphere |
| 望遠鏡口径 Aperture | 28 [cm] | 35.5 [cm] |
| 集光方式 Design | シュミットカセグレン方式 Schmidt-Cassegrain | シュミットカセグレン方式 Schmidt-Cassegrain |
| 望遠鏡型式 Model | Celestron, LLC., SC-280L | Celestron, LLC., SC-355L |
| 光検出部 Photodetector | ||
| 検出素子型式 Detector | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社製 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. R3234-01, R3237-01 | |
| 信号処理部 Signal analyzer | ||
| データ収集方式 Data collection | アナログ検出方式 Analogue detection | アナログ検出方式／ フォトンカウンティング方式 Analogue detection / photon counting |
| 信号処理部型式 Signal processor | Licel GmbH, TR20-160 | |
Fig. 7.3.1.1 CO2 calibration system.
Fig. 7.3.1.2 CO2 calibration architecture at JMA.
Fig. 7.3.2.1 CH4 calibration system.
Fig. 7.3.2.2 CH4 calibration architecture at JMA.
Fig. 7.3.3.1 N2O calibration system.
Fig. 7.3.4.1 CO calibration system.
Fig. 7.3.5.1 O3 calibration system.
Fig. 7.3.8.1 Calibration using the Langley method.
Fig. 7.3.9.1 Group of world standards for absolute radiometers.
Table 7.3.6.1 Dobson spectrophotometer intercomparison for regional standards.
| 実施年 Year | 実施場所 Venue |
|---|---|
| 1977 | 米国・ボールダー Boulder, USA |
| 1984 | オーストラリア・メルボルン Melbourne, Australia |
| 1989 | 米国・マウナロア Mauna Loa, USA |
| 1992 | 米国・ボールダー Boulder, USA |
| 1995 | スイス・アローザ Arosa, Switzerland |
| 1998 | 米国・ボールダー Boulder, USA |
| 2001 | 米国・マウナロア Mauna Loa, USA |
| 2004 | 米国・ボールダー Boulder, USA |
| 2007 | 米国・ボールダー Boulder, USA |
Table 7.3.6.2 Dobson spectrophotometer comparison for the Japanese network.
| 観測所 Station | 札幌 Sapporo | 鹿児島 Kagoshima | 那覇 Naha |
|---|---|---|---|
| 比較観測 実施年月 Time of Comparison |
1994年9月 September 1994 1997年7月 July 1997 1998年4月 April 1998 2000年10月 October 2000 2003年9月 September 2003 2006年10月 October 2006 |
1995年10月 October 1995 1998年8月 August 1998 2001年11月 November 2001 2004年7月 July 2004 2005年5月 May 2005 |
1994年3月 March 1994 1996年10月 October 1996 1999年11月 November 1999 2002年10月 October 2002 2005年7月 July 2005 |
Table 7.3.7.1 Brewer spectrophotometer intercomparison for the Japanese standard.
| 実施年 Year | 実施場所 Venue |
|---|---|
| 1994 | 米国・ボールダー Boulder, USA |
| 1997 | カナダ・トロント Toronto, Canada |
| 2002 | カナダ・トロント Toronto, Canada |
| 2006 | カナダ・トロント Toronto, Canada |
Table 7.3.7.2 Brewer spectrophotometer comparison for the Japanese network.
| 観測所 Station | 札幌 Sapporo | 鹿児島 Kagoshima | 那覇 Naha |
|---|---|---|---|
| 比較観測 実施年月 Time of Comparison |
1996年2月 February 1996 1997年7月 July 1997 2000年10月 October 2000 2001年8月 August 2001 2001年11月 November 2001 2003年7月 July 2003 2007年10月 October 2007 |
1995年10月 October 1995 1997年10月 October 1997 1998年9月 September 1998 2000年3月 March 2000 2001年8月 August 2001 2001年11月 November 2001 2002年11月 November 2002 2005年5月 May 2005 |
1996年10月 October 1996 1999年11月 November 1999 2000年5月* May 2000* 2001年8月 August 2001 2001年12月 December 2001 2001年11月 November 2001 2004年11月 November 2004 2006年9月 September 2006 * 検定のみ calibration only |
Table 7.3.9.1 History of international pyrheliometer comparisons.
| 実施年 Year | 実施場所 Venue | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1959 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 2 | 1964 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 3 | 1970 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 4 | 1975 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 5 | 1980 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 6 | 1985 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 7 | 1990 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 8 | 1995 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 9 | 2000 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
| 10 | 2005 | スイス・ダボス Davos, Switzerland |
Table 7.3.10.1 Equivalent weights for selected anions and cations.
| 陽イオン、陰イオン Anion / cation | 当量重量 Equivalent weight (g) |
|---|---|
| 塩化物イオン / Cl− | 35.45 |
| 硝酸イオン / NO3− | 62.01 |
| 硫酸イオン / SO42− | 48.03 |
| アンモニウムイオン / NH3+ | 18.04 |
| ナトリウムイオン / Na+ | 22.99 |
| カリウムイオン / K+ | 39.1 |
| マグネシウムイオン / Mg2+ | 12.15 |
| カルシウムイオン / Ca2+ | 20.04 |
Table 7.3.10.2 Required criteria for ion balance.
| 陽イオン＋陰イオン Anion + cation (µeq / l) | Ion Difference 許容値 Tolerance (%) |
|---|---|
| ≤ 50 | ≤ ±50 |
| > 50 and ≤ 100 | ≤ ±30 |
| > 100 and ≤ 500 | ≤ ±15 |
| > 500 | ≤ ±10 |
Table 7.3.10.3 Molar or equivalent ionic conductances at infinite dilution and 25°C (from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 66th Edition, 1985–1986, pp. 167–168).
| イオン Ion | 1モル当たりのイオン伝導度 Molar ionic conductivity Λi0 (Scm2/mol) |
|---|---|
| 水素イオン / H+ | 349.7 |
| 塩化物イオン / Cl− | 76.3 |
| 硝酸イオン / NO3− | 71.4 |
| 硫酸イオン / SO42− | 160.0 |
| アンモニウムイオン / NH3+ | 73.5 |
| ナトリウムイオン / Na+ | 50.1 |
| カリウムイオン / K+ | 73.5 |
| マグネシウムイオン / Mg2+ | 106.0 |
| カルシウムイオン / Ca2+ | 119.0 |
| 重炭酸イオン / HCO3− | 44.5 |
Table 7.3.10.4 Required criteria for conductivity balance.
| 伝導度測定値 Measured conductivity (µS / cm) | 許容値 Tolerance Δk (%) |
|---|---|
| ≤ 5 | ≤ ±50 |
| > 5 and ≤ 30 | ≤ ±30 |
| > 30 | ≤ ±20 |
Fig. 7.4.1 JMA's research vessels (Ryofu Maru, Kofu Maru, Keifu Maru, Chofu Maru and Seifu Maru).
Fig. 7.4.2 Principal observational lines (solid lines) and stations (open circles) for heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons (open circles) of JMA research vessels.
Table 7.4.1 List of observation parameters, instruments and sampling methods for greenhouse gases and related substances.
| 観測種目 Parameter |
分析機器 Instrument |
試料採取方法 Sampling Method |
試料 Sample |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二酸化炭素 CO2 |
非分散型赤外線分析計 Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer Rosemount Analytical MLT 3.1 |
連続 Continuous |
洋上大気及び表面海水 Air and seawater |
| 全炭酸 Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) |
電量滴定装置 Coulometric titration system UIC Inc. MODEL 5012 |
観測点での採水 Water sampling at monitoring point |
海水 Seawater |
| メタン CH4 |
水素炎イオン化検出器付 ガスクロマトグラフ Gas chromatograph with FID Shimadzu Corporation GC-8A |
連続 Continuous |
洋上大気及び表面海水 Air and seawater |
水素炎イオン化検出器付 ガスクロマトグラフ Gas chromatograph with FID Shimadzu Corporation GC-8A |
観測点での採水 Water sampling at monitoring point |
海水 Seawater |
Table 7.4.2 List of observation parameters, instruments and frequencies of marine pollutants.
| 観測種目 Category | 観測要素 Parameter | 分析機器 Instrument | 観測頻度又は観測点 Frequency or Point |
|---|---|---|---|
| 油汚染関連 Floating pollutants | 海面油膜及びプラスチック等 の浮遊物質 Oil slick and floating plastics | （目視） Visual observation | 連続（日中） Continuous in the daytime |
| 浮遊タールボール Floating tarballs | （ニューストンネット） Neuston net | 随時（1回/1日） Once a day | |
| 溶存又は分散状石油系炭化 水素（油分） Petroleum hydrocarbons | 蛍光光度計 Fluorescent spectrophotometer Shimadzu Corporation RF-5300PC | 海洋バックグランド汚染観測定点 Prescribed monitoring points | |
| 重金属 Heavy metals | カドミウム Cadmium | 炭素炉原子吸光光度計 Graphite furnace atomic absorbance spectroscopy VARIAN Spectra AA 220Z | 海洋バックグランド汚染観測定点 Prescribed monitoring points |
| 水銀 Mercury | 冷原子吸光光度計 Cold atomic absorption spectrometer Nippon Instruments, Co., Ltd. CR-1A, MD-1 | 海洋バックグランド汚染観測定点 Prescribed monitoring points |
Fig. 8.1.1 Response function of the Lanczos filter. An input signal with a frequency of 0.48 cycles/year is halved in amplitude after passing through this low-pass filter.
Fig. 8.1.2 Power spectra of monthly mean variation (solid line) and deseasonalized long-term variation (broken line) of CO2 concentration at Ryori. The deseasonalized long-term variation is derived by the filtering method described in the text.
Fig. 8.1.3 Time series of monthly mean CO2 concentrations (dots and thin line) and deseasonalized long-term variation (thick line) at Ryori (top). Detrended yearly seasonal cycles of CO2 concentration expressed as deviation of monthly mean concentrations from deseasonalized long-term variation at Ryori (bottom).
Fig. 9.1 Cover page of the latest WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin.
Fig. 9.1.1 Conceptual framework of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme quality systems and major interactions involved.
Fig. 9.2.1 Time series of the number of data reporting stations and data amounts reported to the WDCGG as of October 2009.
Fig. 9.2.2 Locations of stations reporting data to the WDCGG.
Fig. 9.2.3 Homepage of the WDCGG website.
Fig. 9.3.1 QA/SAC activity at Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Fig. 9.4.1 Schematic diagram of the methane reference gas intercomparison in Asia and the South-West Pacific.
Fig. 9.4.2 Results of the methane reference gas intercomparison experiment.
Fig. 9.4.3 Calibration system for Dobson spectrophotometers.
Fig. 9.4.4 Dobson regional intercomparison for Asia at the Aerological Observatory in Tsukuba, Japan in 2006.
Fig. 9.5.1 World calibration scheme for solar radiation observation.
Fig. 9.5.2 Pyrheliometer intercomparison for WMO Regional Association II at Mt. Tsukuba in January 2007.
|
Table 9.1.1 Overview of the GAW world central facilities (as of May 2007). |
| 観測項目 Variable | 世界データセンター World Data Centre (WDC) | 品質保証科学センター QA/SAC | 世界較正センター World Calibration Centre (WCC) | 地域較正センター Regional Calibration Centre (RCC) | 中央較正施設 Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL) 一次標準の維持施設 Host of Primary Standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 二酸化炭素 CO2 | JMA | JMA (A/O) | ESRL | ESRL | |
| メタン CH4 | JMA | Empa (Am, E/A) JMA (A/O) | Empa (Am, E/A) JMA (A/O) | ESRL | |
| ハロカーボン類 Halocarbons | JMA | ||||
| 一酸化二窒素 N2O | JMA | UBA | IMK-IFU | ESRL | |
| 一酸化炭素 CO | JMA | Empa | Empa | ESRL | |
| 地上オゾン Surface Ozone | JMA | Empa | Empa | OCBA, SOO-HK | NIST |
| オゾン全量 Total Ozone | Environment Canada5, DLR6 | JMA (A/O) | ESRL1, Environment Canada2 | BoM1, ESRL1, IZO2, JMA1, MOHp1, MGO3, OCBA1, SAWS1, SOO-HK1 | ESRL1, Environment Canada2 |
| オゾンゾンデ Ozone Sondes | Environment Canada | FZ-Jülich | FZ-Jülich | FZ-Jülich | |
| 紫外線 UV Radiation | Environment Canada | ESRL (Am) | |||
| エーロゾル 光学的厚さ Aerosol Optical Depth | JRC | PMOD/WRC | PMOD/WRC4 | ||
| エーロゾル Aerosol | JRC5, DLR6 | IfT (Physical Properties) | |||
| 降水化学 Precipitation Chemistry | ASRC-SUNY | ASRC-SUNY | ASRC-SUNY | ISWS |
| Am: Americas; E/A: Europe and Africa; A/O: Asia and the South-West Pacific 1 Dobson, 2 Brewer, 3 Filter instruments, 4 Precision Filter Radiometers (PFR), 5 ground-based, 6 satellite-based |
| ASRC-SUNY: | Atmospheric Sciences Research Centre, State University of New York (SUNY), Albany NY, USA (World Data Centre for Precipitation Chemistry, WDCPC) |
| BoM: | Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia (Regional Dobson Calibration Centre, RDCC for Australia) |
| DLR: | German Aerospace Centre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany (Word Data Centre for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, WDC-RSAT) |
| ESRL: | Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder CO, USA |
| Empa: | Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland (QA/SAC Switzerland and WCC-Empa) |
| Environment Canada: | Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada (World Ozone and UV Data Centre, WOUDC) |
| FZ-Jülich: | Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany |
| IfT: | Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany |
| IMK-IFU: | Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany |
| ISWS: | Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign IL, USA |
| IZO: | Izaña Observatory, Tenerife, Spain (Regional Brewer Calibration Centre, RBCC) |
| JMA: | 気象庁 Japan Meteorological Agency |
| JRC: | Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, World Data Centre for Aerosols, WDCA) |
| MGO: | A.I. Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental, St. Petersburg, Russia (World Radiation Data Centre, WRDC; RCC for Filter Instruments) |
| MOHp: | Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeissenberg (Regional Dobson Calibration Centre, RDCC for Europe) |
| NIST: | National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA |
| OCBA: | Observatorio Central Buenos Aires, Argentina (Regional Dobson Calibration Centre, RDCC for South America) |
| PMOD/WRC: | Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Centre, Davos, Switzerland |
| SAWS: | South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa (Regional Dobson Calibration Centre, RDCC for Africa) |
| SOO-HK: | Solar and Ozone Observatory, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (RCC) |
| UBA: | German Environmental Protection Agency, Berlin, Germany |
Table 9.2.1 Number of stations reporting data to the WDCGG as of October 2009.
| Region I |
Region II |
Region III |
Region IV |
Region V |
Region VI |
Antarctica | Mobile | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Submission | 15 | 33 | 7 | 50 | 24 | 117 | 14 | 41 | 304 |
| Station | 11 | 32 | 6 | 44 | 16 | 96 | 11 | 41 | 260 |
| Country | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 30 | 7 | 3 | 57 |
| CO2 | 11 | 29 | 4 | 30 | 18 | 42 | 10 | 18 | 163 |
| CH4 | 10 | 17 | 4 | 35 | 18 | 30 | 10 | 21 | 147 |
| N2O | 1 | 7 | 0 | 17 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 57 |
| Halocarbons | 0 | 6 | 4 | 77 | 62 | 32 | 17 | 44 | 242 |
| SF6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 32 |
| O3 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 17 | 7 | 51 | 4 | 0 | 93 |
| CO | 8 | 9 | 3 | 23 | 14 | 27 | 9 | 3 | 96 |
| VOCs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 16 |
| Nitrogen Oxides | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 76 |
| SO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 50 |
| H2 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 17 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 63 |
| Stable isotopes | 14 | 11 | 4 | 36 | 21 | 25 | 11 | 6 | 128 |
| Other gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
Table 9.3.1 Summary of QA/SAC activities.
| (1) 現地調査､訪問 (Visit of JMA's Experts) | ||
|---|---|---|
| アンミョンド観測所（韓国） Anmyeondo, Republic of Korea |
1999年11月 November 1999 |
温室効果ガス観測等現地調査 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| ワリガン観測所（中国） Waliguan, China |
1999年11月 November 1999 |
温室効果ガス観測等現地調査 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| ケープグリム観測所（オーストラリア） Cape Grim, Australia |
2001年1月 January 2001 |
温室効果ガス観測等現地調査 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| ブキコトタバン観測所（インドネシア） Bukit Koto Tabang, Indonesia |
2002年1月 January 2002 |
温室効果ガス観測等現地調査 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| ダナムバレー観測所（マレーシア） Danum Valley, Malaysia |
2003年2月 February 2003 |
温室効果ガス観測等現地調査 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| マニラ観測所（フィリピン） Manila, Philippines |
2004年3月 March 2004 |
オゾン全量観測現地調査 Ozone layer monitoring |
| 延世大学（韓国） Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea |
2004年11月 November 2004 |
オゾン全量観測現地調査 Ozone layer monitoring |
| 延世大学（韓国） Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea |
2006年7〜8月 July–August 2006 |
オゾン全量観測装置自動化・技術研修 Ozone layer monitoring |
| (2) 専門家受け入れ (Invitation of Experts to JMA) | ||
| キルギス国立大学 Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan |
2000年1〜2月 January–February 2000 |
温室効果ガス観測等研修 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| 韓国気象局 Korea Meteorological Administration |
2000年6月 June 2000 |
温室効果ガス観測等研修 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| 中国気象局 China Meteorological Administration |
2001年2〜3月 February–March 2001 |
温室効果ガス観測等研修 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| 中国科学院 Chinese Academy of Science |
2002年3月 March 2002 |
オゾン全量観測研修 Ozone layer monitoring |
| 韓国気象局 Korea Meteorological Administration |
2003年10月 October 2003 |
温室効果ガス観測等研修 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| 韓国気象局 Korea Meteorological Administration |
2004年10月 October 2004 |
温室効果ガス観測等研修 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| マレーシア気象局 Malaysia Meteorological Department |
2005年11月 November 2005 |
温室効果ガス観測等研修 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| 韓国気象局 Korea Meteorological Administration |
2007年7月 July 2007 |
温室効果ガス観測等研修 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
| 韓国気象庁 Korea Meteorological Administration |
2009年5月 May 2009 |
温室効果ガス観測等研修 Greenhouse gases monitoring |
Table 9.4.1 Results of the methane reference gas intercomparison experiment.
| 参加機関と所在地 Participating Organization and Place |
測定日 Date of Measurement |
ボンベ番号 Cylinder Number | スケール Scale |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPB13002 | CPB13001 | |||||||
| 濃度 Conc. (ppb) |
標準 偏差 SD (ppb) |
測定 回数 N |
濃度 Conc. (ppb) |
標準 偏差 SD (ppb) |
測定 回数 N |
|||
| 1. アジア地区 Asia JMA: Japan Meteorological Agency CMA: China Meteorological Administration KMA: Korea Meteorological Administration NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A. AES: Atmospheric Environment Service (now Meteorological Service of Canada) CMDL: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (now Global Monitoring Division (GMD)), U.S.A. |
||||||||
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2001.4.24–25 | 1809.8 | 1.1 | 10 | 1960.1 | 0.9 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 中国気象局 / CMA 瓦里関山 Mt. Waliguan |
2001.7.21–24 | 1822.9 | 11.7 | 99 | 1980.5 | 9.8 | 99 | AES |
| 韓国気象局 / KMA 安眠島 Anmyeondo |
2001.9.3–5 | 1786.4 | 1.1 | 45 | 1935.7 | 1.4 | 45 | CMDL |
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2001.11.5–6 | 1810.5 | 2.2 | 10 | 1960.5 | 1.0 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 2. 南西太平洋地区 South-West Pacific CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NIWA: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd. NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.A. |
||||||||
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2002.4.15–16 | 1810.3 | 1.3 | 10 | 1959.8 | 1.1 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| オーストラリア連邦科学産業研究機関 / CSIRO, アスペンデール Aspendale | 2003.3 | 1787.38 | 2.0 | 67 | 1937.33 | 2.1 | 72 | CSIRO1994 |
| ニュージーランド国立水・大気研究所 / NIWA, ウェリントン Wellington | 2003.7 | 1817.84 | 1.79 | 10 | 1968.95 | 2.23 | 10 | NIST |
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2003.12.15–16 | 1810.6 | 0.8 | 10 | 1959.3 | 1.7 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 3. 日本地区 Japan TU: Tohoku University NIES: National Institute for Environmental Studies |
||||||||
| 東北大学 / TU 仙台市 Sendai |
2004.9.28 | 1810.5 | 1.7 | 11 | 1961.2 | 1.6 | 11 | Gravimetric Scale |
| 国立環境研究所 / NIES つくば市 Tsukuba |
2004.12.20– 2005.2.14 |
1812.1 | 1.4 | 84 | 1963.4 | 1.0 | 82 | NIES94 |
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2005.3.3–8 | 1809.8 | 1.9 | 10 | 1960.3 | 1.7 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 参加機関と位置 Participating Organization and Place |
測定日 Date of Measurement |
ボンベ番号 Cylinder Number | スケール Scale |
|||||
| CPB31289 | CPB31288 | |||||||
| 濃度 Conc. (ppb) |
標準 偏差 SD (ppb) |
測定 回数 N |
濃度 Conc. (ppb) |
標準 偏差 SD (ppb) |
測定 回数 N |
|||
| 4. アジア地区 Asia KRISS: Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science |
||||||||
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2005.7.6–7 | 1695.4 | 1.6 | 10 | 1874.3 | 1.8 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 中国気象局 / CMA 瓦里関山 Mt. Waliguan |
2006.2 | 1670.1 | 1.9 | 103 | 1845.4 | 2.3 | 167 | AES |
| 韓国気象局 / KMA 安眠島 Anmyeondo |
2006.4.18–27 | 1695.8 | 1.5 | 70 | 1872.7 | 1.4 | 80 | KRISS |
| 韓国計量標準科学研究院 / KRISS 大田 Daejeon |
2006.6.26–30 | 1698.3 | 1.2 | 9 | 1877.1 | 0.9 | 8 | KRISS |
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2006.8.21–22 | 1696.0 | 0.7 | 10 | 1875.0 | 1.1 | 9 | NOAA04 |
| 5. 南西太平洋地区 South-West Pacific | ||||||||
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2006.12.25–26 | 1695.7 | 1.0 | 10 | 1875.5 | 1.2 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| オーストラリア連邦科学産業研究機関 / CSIRO, アスペンデール Aspendale | 2007.1.31–3.28 | 1695.0 | 0.8 | 68 | 1875.7 | 0.8 | 80 | NOAA04 |
| ニュージーランド国立水・大気研究所 / NIWA, ウェリントン Wellington | 2008.3.12 | 1692.54 | 1.88 | 10 | 1874.31 | 1.87 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2008.8.18–19 | 1696.2 | 1.6 | 10 | 1875.4 | 1.8 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 参加機関と位置 Participating Laboratory and Location |
測定日 Date of Measurement |
ボンベ番号 Cylinder Number | スケール Scale |
|||||
| CPB13002 | CPB13003 | |||||||
| 濃度 Conc. (ppb) |
標準 偏差 SD (ppb) |
測定 回数 N |
濃度 Conc. (ppb) |
標準 偏差 SD (ppb) |
測定 回数 N |
|||
| 6. アジア地区 Asia | ||||||||
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2008.5.1 | 1664.4 | 1.2 | 10 | 1848.4 | 1.8 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 韓国計量標準科学研究院 / KRISS 大田 Daejeon |
2008.9–11 | 1665.1 | 0.2 | 5 | 1851.2 | 0.2 | 5 | KRISS |
| 韓国気象庁 / KMA 安眠島 Anmyeondo |
2008.10–11 | 1665.6 | 1.2 | 12 | 1851.3 | 1.4 | 12 | KRISS |
| 中国気象局 / CMA 瓦里関山 Mt. Waliguan |
2009.4.3–5 | 1661.1 | 0.9 | 14 | 1847.0 | 0.8 | 14 | NOAA04 |
| 2009.4.13–14 | 1662.3 | 0.2 | 9 | 1847.2 | 0.3 | 9 | NOAA04 | |
| 2009.4.14–16 | 1659.3 | 5.2 | 10 | 1846.1 | 1.9 | 10 | NOAA04 | |
| 中国気象局 / CMA 北京 Beijing |
2009.4.28–29 | 1661.9 | 2.0 | 10 | 1847.5 | 0.6 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 2009.4.29 | 1662.5 | 0.2 | 9 | 1847.3 | 0.1 | 9 | NOAA04 | |
| 2009.4.30 | 1662.2 | 1.6 | 12 | 1847.2 | 1.8 | 12 | NOAA04 | |
| 気象庁 / JMA 東京 Tokyo |
2009.7.1 | 1664.3 | 1.1 | 10 | 1846.8 | 1.7 | 10 | NOAA04 |
Full report (in Japanese)
