Annual Report on Atmospheric and Marine Environment Monitoring
— Figures and Tables —
Fig. 2.1 Inter-annual variations in the radiative forcing of three major greenhouse gases analysed from WDCGG data.
Fig. 2.1.1 Atmospheric concentration of important long-lived greenhouse gases over the last 2000 years (from IPCC, 2007).
Fig. 2.1.2 Annual carbon budgets around the globe and their breakdown in the 1990s (based on IPCC 2007).
Fig. 2.1.3 Time series of the estimated growth rate from anthropogenic emissions (green + yellow), the observed annual mean growth rate of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (yellow), and estimated absorption by nature (green). CO2 emissions were calculated by CDIAC based on the United Nations Energy Statistics (Boden et al., 2010). The observed growth rate is analyzed by the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG).
Fig. 2.1.4 CO2 concentration as simulated by the Coupled Climate-Carbon Cycle Models for the SRES A2 emission scenario (red) compared with the standard atmospheric CO2 concentration used as a forcing for many IPCC AR4 climate models (black) (from IPCC, 2007).
Fig. 2.1.1.1 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Ryori in 2009. Solid line shows the monthly concentration and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.1.1.2 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.1.1.3 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.1.1.4 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima.
Fig. 2.1.1.5 Time series of annual growth rates in atmospheric CO2 concentration at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima. The annual growth rates are estimated by the time derivative of the deseasonalized concentration.
Table 2.1.1.1 Summary of the CO2 observations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima in 2009. "In-year variation" indicates the difference between the maximum and the minimum monthly mean concentrations. The observation system at Ryori and Yonagunijima was replaced in January 2009 and January 2008,respectively. The growth rate is calculated in consideration of the difference between the new and old systems.
| Annual mean concentration in 2009 (ppm) | Growth from 2008 (ppm) | In-year variation (ppm) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Ryori | 389.7 | +1.2 | 15.6 |
| Minamitorishima | 388.0 | +1.4 | 7.1 |
| Yonagunijima | 389.4 | +1.4 | 10.0 |
Fig. 2.1.2.1 Temporal development of the latitudinal distributions of atmospheric CO2 concentrations (top), deseasonalized concentrations (middle), and growth rates (bottom) for the period 1983–2009.
Fig. 2.1.2.2 Time series of deseasonalized atmospheric CO2 concentrations (top) and growth rates (bottom) for each 30-degree latitudinal zone.
Fig. 2.1.2.3 Time series of atmospheric CO2 growth rates in the tropics (30°N–30°S) and its comparison with the Southern Oscillation Index inversed sign (top), SST deviation based on a sliding 30-year period in the east equatorial Pacific (5°N–5°S, 90–150°W) (middle), and land-surface temperature anomaly in the tropics calculated from JRA-25 reanalysis data (Onogi et al., 2007). The solid line shows the growth rate, and the dotted line shows each parameter (five-month running-mean).
Fig. 2.1.2.4 Time series of atmospheric CO2 concentrations for each 30-degree latitudinal zone in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.1.3.1 Time series of the NINO.3 deviation and estimated monthly CO2 fluxes from land and ocean areas estimated by inversion analysis. The NINO.3 deviation is defined as the difference between the monthly mean SST and the sliding 30-year mean averaged over the El Niño monitoring region (5°N–5°S, 150°W–90°W). Background fluxes (−2 GtC/year for ocean absorption and 4 GtC/year for land and anthropogenic emissions) are subtracted from the estimated fluxes.
Fig. 2.1.4.1 Distributions of the difference in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) between seawater and air: (a) 16 January to 8 March 2009, (b) 22 April to 10 May 2009, (c) 9 June to 11 August 2009 and (d) 30 October to 23 November 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.2 Latitudinal distributions of (a) oceanic and atmospheric CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 137°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 17 to 27 January 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.3 Latitudinal distributions of (a) oceanic and atmospheric CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 137°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 23 April to 4 May 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.4 Latitudinal distributions of (a) oceanic and atmospheric CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 137°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 29 July to 10 August 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.5 Latitudinal distributions of (a) oceanic and atmospheric CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 165°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 25 January to 13 February 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.6 Latitudinal distributions of (a) oceanic and atmospheric CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along 165°E (shown in the bottom panel) from 16 June to 12 July 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.7 The observed values (closed circles) of the difference in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) between seawater and air in (a) January and (b) July–August 2009, the seasonal mean values (open circles: the periods are (a) from 1984 to 2008 and (b) from 1990 to 2008) and the ranges of standard deviation (shaded areas).
Fig. 2.1.4.8 Longitudinal distributions of (a) oceanic and atmospheric CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along the line southeast of the Kuril Islands from 12 to 16 June 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.9 Longitudinal distributions of (a) oceanic and atmospheric CO2, (b) sea surface temperature (SST), (c) sea surface salinity, (d) total inorganic carbon (TIC), (e) phosphate and (f) chlorophyll a along the equator from 14 to 20 February 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.10 Interannual and latitudinal variations in CO2 in sea surface water at latitudes 3–33°N along 137°E in the winters from 1984 to 2009.
Fig. 2.1.4.11 Interannual variations in oceanic and atmospheric CO2 in summer (oceanic only) and winter averaged between 7°N and 33°N along 137°E from 1984 to 2009.
Fig. 2.1.5.1 Latitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along 165°E from 25 January to 11 February 2009.
Fig. 2.1.5.2 Latitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along 165°E from 16 June to 11 July 2009.
Fig. 2.1.5.3 Latitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along 137°E from 19 to 27 January 2009.
Fig. 2.1.5.4 Longitude-depth cross section of total inorganic carbon (μmol/kg) along the equator from 11 to 18 February 2009.
Fig. 2.1.6.1 Monthly distributions of the difference in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) between the atmosphere and the ocean in 2009. The ΔpCO2 is estimated by the empirical method. Positive values indicate that pCO2 in the ocean is higher than that in the atmosphere and CO2 is emitted from the ocean into the atmosphere.
Fig. 2.1.6.2 Monthly (a), annual (b) and monthly in 2009 (c) net CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean in the western subtropical North Pacific (11-30°N, 130-165°E). The dotted line in (b) indicates the average from 1996 to 2009. The white solid line and blue shaded area in (c) indicate the average and standard deviation (±1σ), respectively. Positive values indicate CO2 emission from the ocean into the atmosphere and negative values indicate absorption of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean. The CO2 exchange is estimated by using the monthly ΔpCO2 shown in Fig. 2.1.6.1.
Fig. 2.1.6.3 Monthly distributions of the difference in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) between the atmosphere and the ocean in 2009. The ΔpCO2 is estimated by the empirical method. Positive values indicate that pCO2 in the ocean is higher than that in the atmosphere and CO2 is emitted from the ocean into the atmosphere.
Fig. 2.1.6.4 Monthly (a), annual (b) and monthly in 2009 (c) net CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean in the equatorial Pacific (10°S-5°N, 135°E-95°W). The dotted line in (b) indicates the average from 1992 to 2009. The white solid line and blue shaded area in (c) indicate the average and standard deviation (±1σ), respectively. Positive values indicate CO2 emission from the ocean into the atmosphere. The CO2 exchange is estimated by using the monthly ΔpCO2 shown in Fig. 2.1.6.4. Periods of El Niño and La Niña events are indicated in red and blue respectively in (a).
Fig. 2.2.1.1 Time series of monthly atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Ryori in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.2.1.2 Time series of monthly atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.2.1.3 Time series of monthly atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.2.1.4 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric CH4 concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima.
Fig. 2.2.1.5 Time series of annual growth rates in atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima. The annual growth rates are estimated from the time derivative of the deseasonalized concentration.
Table 2.2.1.1 Summary of CH4 observations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima in 2009. "In-year variation" indicates the difference between the maximum and minimum monthly mean concentrations.
| Annual mean concentration in 2009 (ppb) | Growth from 2008 (ppb) | In-year variation (ppb) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Ryori | 1879 | +3 | 40 |
| Minamitorishima | 1822 | +8 | 69 |
| Yonagunijima | 1852 | +11 | 108 |
Fig. 2.2.2.1 Temporal development of the latitudinal distributions of atmospheric CH4 concentrations (top), deseasonalized concentrations (middle), and growth rates (bottom) for the period 1984–2009.
Fig. 2.2.2.2 Time series of deseasonalized atmospheric CH4 concentrations (top) and growth rates (bottom) for each 30-degree latitude zone.
Fig. 2.2.2.3 Time series of global mean CH4 growth rates and their comparison with global mean land surface temperature anomaly calculated from JRA-25 reanalysis data. The solid line shows the growth rates, and the dots show temperature anomalies. Temperature anomalies are averaged as a five-month running mean.
Fig. 2.2.2.4 Time series of atmospheric CH4 concentrations for each 30-degree latitudinal zone in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.2.3.1 Latitudinal distributions of (a) the oceanic CH4, (b) the atmospheric CH4, (c) sea surface temperature (SST) and (d) sea surface salinity along 165°E from 25 January to 13 February 2009.
Fig. 2.2.3.2 Longitudinal distributions of (a) the oceanic CH4, (b) the atmospheric CH4, (c) sea surface temperature (SST) and (d) sea surface salinity along the equator from 14 to 20 February 2009.
Fig. 2.2.3.3 Distribution of the difference of the CH4 partial pressure between the sea water and the air (ΔpCH4): 25 January - 20 February 2009.
Fig. 2.3.1 Time series of global mean concentrations of atmospheric halocarbons using monthly mean measurements mainly from the AGAGE and NOAA/ESRL networks (from IPCC, 2007).
Table 2.3.1 Lifetimes and global warming potentials for halocarbons.
| Name | Lifetime (years) | Global Warming Potential | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 years | 100 years | 500 years | ||
| CFCs | 45 – 1700 | 5310 – 11000 | 4750 – 14400 | 1620 – 16400 |
| Halons | 16 – 65 | 3680 – 8480 | 1640 – 7140 | 503 – 2760 |
| CCl4 | 26 | 2700 | 1400 | 435 |
| CH3Br | 0.7 | 17 | 5 | 1 |
| CH3CCl3 | 5 | 506 | 146 | 45 |
| HCFCs | 1.3 – 17.9 | 273 – 5490 | 77 – 2310 | 24 – 705 |
| HFCs | 1.4 – 270 | 437 – 12,000 | 124 – 14800 | 38 – 12200 |
| PFCs | 1000 – 50000 | 5210 – 8630 | 7390 – 12200 | 9500 – 18200 |
Fig. 2.3.1.1 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 concentrations at Ryori. Only data selected as background are shown.
Fig. 2.3.1.2 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric CH3CCl3 and CCl4 concentrations at Ryori. Only data selected as background are shown.
Fig. 2.3.2.1 Time series of monthly mean concentrations of atmospheric CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, Halon1211, Halon1301, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, CCl4, CH3CCl3, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, CH3Cl and SF6. Solid circles show data at sites located in the Northern Hemisphere, and open circles show those at sites located in the Southern Hemisphere. All data reported to the WDCGG are shown.
Fig. 2.4.1.1 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric N2O concentrations at Ryori. Only data selected as background are shown.
Fig. 2.4.2.1 Time series of monthly mean N2O concentrations (blue dots) and deseasonalized concentrations (red line) for the globe.
Fig. 2.5.1.1 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO concentrations at Ryori in 2009.
Fig. 2.5.1.2 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.5.1.3 Time series of monthly atmospheric CO concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2009.
Fig. 2.5.1.4 Time series of monthly mean atmospheric CO concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima. Observation data at Ryori and Yonagunijima have been indicated by open circles since January 2009 and January 2008 respectively when the observation system was replaced. The difference between the old and new systems is now under investigation.
Table 2.5.1.1 Summary of the CO observations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima in 2009. "In-year variation" indicates the difference between the maximum and the minimum monthly mean concentrations. The observation system at Ryori and Yonagunijima was replaced in January 2009 and January 2008, respectively. The difference between the old and new system is now under investigation.
| Annual mean concentration in 2009 (ppb) | Growth from 2008 (ppb) | In-year variation (ppb) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Ryori | 146 | − | 83 |
| Minamitorishima | 105 | −1 | 82 |
| Yonagunijima | 144 | +2 | 133 |
Fig. 2.5.2.1 Temporal development of the latitudinal distributions of atmospheric CO concentrations (top), deseasonalized concentrations (middle), and growth rates (bottom) for the period 1992–2009.
Fig. 2.5.2.2 Time series of deseasonalized atmospheric CO concentrations (top) and growth rates (bottom) for each 30-degree latitudinal zone.
Fig. 2.5.2.3 Time series of atmospheric CO concentrations for each 30-degree latitudinal zone in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.6.1 Time series of partial ozone pressure (mPa) at 700-hPa height at Tsukuba from 1970 after subtracting such influences as seasonal variation, the effects of solar activity and QBO.
Fig. 2.6.2 The number of sites as classified according to the annual maximum ozone concentration (from a press release by the Ministry of the Environment).
Fig. 2.6.1.1 Time series of monthly surface O3 concentrations at Ryori in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.6.1.2 Time series of monthly surface O3 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.6.1.3 Time series of monthly surface O3 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly and reference concentrations).
Fig. 2.6.1.4 Time series of monthly mean surface O3 concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima.
Table 2.6.1.1 Summary of the O3 observations at Ryori, Minamitorishima and Yonagunijima in 2009. "In-year variation" indicates the difference between the maximum and the minimum monthly mean concentration.
| Annual mean concentration in 2009 (ppb) | Growth from 2008 (ppb) | In-year variation (ppb) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Ryori | 41 | +2 | 29 |
| Minamitorishima | 24 | −2 | 31 |
| Yonagunijima | 39 | +1 | 39 |
Fig. 2.6.2.1 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio (ppb) at Sapporo in 2009. The symbol 'x' shows the tropopause height.
Fig. 2.6.2.2 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio (ppb) at Tsukuba in 2009. The symbol 'x' shows the tropopause height.
Fig. 2.6.2.3 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio (ppb) at Naha in 2009. The symbol 'x' shows the tropopause height.
Fig. 2.6.2.4 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio (ppb) averaged for the period 1989–2009 from ozonesonde observations at Sapporo.
Fig. 2.6.2.5 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio (ppb) averaged for the period 1989–2009 from ozonesonde observations at Tsukuba.
Fig. 2.6.2.6 Time-height cross section of the ozone mixing ratio (ppb) averaged for the period 1989–2009 from ozonesonde observations at Naha.
Fig. 2.6.3.1 Time series of monthly mean surface O3 concentrations at Syowa in 2009. The solid line shows the monthly mean concentration, and the dotted line shows the reference concentration (see Section 8.1). Error bars indicate the range within ±1σ (the standard deviation of the difference between the monthly mean concentration and the reference concentration).
Fig. 2.6.3.2 Time series of monthly mean surface O3 concentrations and deseasonalized concentrations at Syowa.
Fig. 3.1.1.1 Time series of daily total ozone (top) and mean time-height cross section of ozone partial pressure (bottom) at Sapporo in 2009. The top panel shows daily total ozone, mean values (for the period 1994–2008) and standard deviation (the green area). The symbol 'x' in the bottom panel denotes the tropopause height.
Fig. 3.1.1.2 Time series of daily total ozone (top) and mean time-height cross section of ozone partial pressure (bottom) at Tsukuba (Tateno) in 2009. The top panel shows daily total ozone, mean value (for the period 1994–2008) and standard deviation (the green area). The symbol 'x' in the bottom panel denotes the tropopause height.
Fig. 3.1.1.3 Time series of daily total ozone (top) and mean time-height cross section of ozone partial pressure (bottom) at Naha in 2009. The top panel shows daily total ozone, mean value (for the period 1994–2008) and standard deviation (the green area). The symbol 'x' in the bottom panel denotes the tropopause height.
Fig. 3.1.1.4 Time series of daily total ozone at Minamitorishima in 2009. The mean value (for the period 1994–2008) and standard deviation (the green area) are shown.
Fig. 3.1.1.5 Monthly means and normals of total ozone at four stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno, Naha and Minamitorishima). Closed circles indicate the values for 2009 and solid lines indicate the normal (the average for the period 1994–2008) with bars to represent standard deviations.
Fig. 3.1.1.6 Time series of annual mean total ozone since observations started at four stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno, Naha and Minamitorishima).
Fig. 3.1.1.7 Monthly trend of total ozone over Japan. The trends were estimated from the EESC (Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine) curve fitting the data for the period 1979–2009, and expressed as a ratio (%) of the value in 2009 to that in 1979 on the curve.
Fig. 3.1.1.8 Vertical profiles of ozone trend at three stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno and Naha) estimated from ozonesondes and Umkehr observations. The trends were estimated as described for the caption of Fig. 3.1.1.7. Closed circles show ozone sonde observations and open circles show Umkehr observations. The solid lines show 95% confidence limits.
Fig. 3.1.2.1 Time series of daily total ozone (top) and vertical profile of ozone partial pressure (bottom) at Syowa in Antarctica in 2009. Top panel shows daily total ozone, mean values (for the period 1994–2008) and standard deviation (the green area). The symbol 'x' in the bottom panel denotes the tropopause height.
Fig. 3.1.2.2 Monthly means and normals of total ozone at one station in Antarctica (Syowa Station). Closed circles indicate the values for 2009, and the dotted and solid lines are used to indicate values before (1961–1980) and after (1994–2008) the first appearance of the ozone hole, respectively. Bars with the solid line show standard deviations for the period 1994–2008.
Fig. 3.1.2.3 Total ozone distribution in the Southern Hemisphere on 17 September 2009, when the ozone hole reached its maximum size for 2009. This is based on OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.2.4 Daily changes in the ozone hole area in 2009 (top) and annual changes in the maximum ozone hole area since 1979 (bottom). The ozone hole area is defined as the region in which total ozone ≤ 220 m atm-cm. In the top figure, the red line shows daily changes in the ozone hole area for 2009, and the black lines show the maximum and minimum values for the day over the last 10 years (1999–2008). The bottom figure shows interannual variations in the annual maximum area since 1979. The black horizontal line shows the area of Antarctica. These are based on TOMS data and OMI data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.3.1 Global distribution of annual-mean total ozone as deviation from the normals (%) in 2009. This is based on OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.3.2 Global distribution of monthly-mean total ozone as deviation from the normals (%) in 2009. This is based on OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.3.3 Global distribution of annual mean total ozone averaged for the period 1997–2006. This is based on TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) and OMI(Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.1.3.4 Time series of total ozone anomalies as deviation (in %) from the averages for the period 1970–1980. Closed circles indicate satellite data (70°N–70°S). Influences of known periodical natural variations (i.e., solar and QBO) are subtracted.
Fig. 3.1.3.5 Global distribution of trends of the total ozone. The trends were estimated from the EESC (Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine) curve fitting TOMS and OMI data, and expressed as a ratio (%) of the value in 2009 to that in 1979 on the curve. Satellite data of TOMS and OMI were supplied by NASA.
Fig. 3.2.1 CIE erythema reference action spectrum.
Fig. 3.2.1.1 Time series of daily erythemal dose at Sapporo in 2009. Mean value (for the period 1991–2008), standard deviation (the green area) and maximum value (the pale green area) are shown.
Fig. 3.2.1.2 Time series of daily erythemal dose at Tsukuba in 2009. Mean value (for the period 1990–2008), standard deviation (the green area) and maximum value (the pale green area) are shown.
Fig. 3.2.1.3 Time series of daily erythemal dose at Naha in 2009. Mean value (for the period 1991–2008), standard deviation (the green area) and maximum value (the pale green area) are shown.
Fig. 3.2.1.4 Monthly mean values of erythemal dose daily accumulation in 2009 at three stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno and Naha). Closed circles indicate the values in 2009 and solid lines indicate the normal (averaged for the period 1990–2008 for Tsukuba and 1991–2008 for the other stations) with bars to represent standard deviation.
Fig. 3.2.1.5 Time series of annual accumulation of erythemal dose since observations started at three stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno and Naha). The straight lines are regression lines for the whole observation period.
Fig. 3.2.2.1 Changes in the daily maximum UV Index in 2009 at three stations in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba/Tateno and Naha). The solid lines show the 15-day running mean values of the daily maximum UV Index (the mean for 1990–2008 at Tsukuba and the mean for 1991–2008 at the other stations).
Fig. 3.2.3.1 Time series of erythemal dose daily accumulation at Syowa station in Antarctica from 1993 to 2009.
Fig. 3.2.3.2 Daily accumulation of erythemal dose (red closed circles), global solar radiation (blue dotted line) and total ozone (green open circles) at Syowa station in 2009. The 15-day running mean of daily accumulation of erythemal dose (red dashed line) and total ozone (green dashed line) averaged for the period 1993–2008 are also shown.
Fig. 4.1.1 Time series of optical depth at 550 nm associated with stratospheric sulphate aerosols formed in the explosive volcanic eruptions that occurred between 1860 and 2000 (from IPCC, 2007).
Fig. 4.1.1.1 Observation data of aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) and the Ångström exponent (α) at Ryori, Minamitorishima, and Yonagunijima in 2009. Data at Yonagunijima were missing from August to December 2009 due to failure in the sunphotometer.
Fig. 4.1.1.2 Time series of monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) and the Ångström exponent (α) at Ryori. Data were not adopted due to filter degradation in the sunphotometer from September to November 1999. Since April 2008, monthly mean values have been based on continuous observations.
Fig. 4.1.1.3 Time series of monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) and the Ångström exponent (α) at Minamitorishima. Data were not adopted from August to November 1999 due to filter degradation in the sunphotometer. Observation was paused in September 2006 due to Typhoon 0612 Ioke. Since April 2007, monthly mean values have been based on continuous observation.
Fig. 4.1.1.4 Time series of monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD (500nm)) and the Ångström exponent (α) at Yonagunijima. No data were obtained in December 1999 due to cloudy weather condition. Since April 2007, monthly mean values are based on continuous observation.
Fig. 4.1.2.1 Time series of hourly aerosol optical depth at 500nm (AOD(500nm): closed circles) and the Ångström exponent (α: open triangles) at Syowa in 2009.
Fig. 4.1.2.2 Time series of monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 500nm (AOD(500nm): closed circles) and the Ångström exponent (α: open triangles) at Syowa.
Fig. 4.1.2.3 Frequency distribution of aerosol optical depth at 500nm (AOD(500nm)) at Syowa in 2009.
Fig. 4.1.2.4 Frequency distribution of the Ångström exponent (α) at Syowa in 2009.
Fig. 4.1.3.1 Monthly-mean vertical profiles of the scattering ratio in 2009 (nighttime only).
Fig. 4.1.3.2 Monthly-mean scattering ratio from March 2002 to December 2009 at the height of 1.5km, 3km, 5km, 7km, 10km, 15km, 20km, respectively.
Fig. 4.1.3.3 Seasonal-mean vertical profiles of the aerosol extinction coefficient from March 2002 to November 2009 (nighttime only).
Fig. 4.2.1.1 The daily number of meteorological stations reporting Kosa dust observation (from February to December 2009).
Fig. 4.2.1.2 Geographical maps of stations reporting Kosa dust observation in 2009.
Fig. 4.2.1.3 The number of days when any station in Japan observed Kosa (1967 - 2009), targeting the 67 stations that were active for the whole period.
Fig. 4.3.1 The Earth's annual and global mean energy balance. Of the incoming solar radiation, 49% (168 Wm-2) is absorbed by the surface. This heat is returned to the atmosphere as sensible heat in the form of evapotranspiration (latent heat) and thermal infrared radiation. Most of this radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, which in turn emits radiation both up and down (from IPCC, 2007).
Fig. 4.3.1.1 Time series of the monthly mean of direct solar radiation daily accumulation in 2009. The solid lines show the monthly normals of direct solar radiation. Vertical error bars show standard deviations of monthly means during the period of the normals (1971–2000).
Fig. 4.3.1.2 Time series of the yearly mean of direct solar radiation daily accumulation (1978–2009) averages in Japan. The red line shows the five-year running mean of yearly direct solar radiation.
Fig. 4.3.2.1 Time series of Feussner-Dubois' turbidity coefficient (monthly mean) in 2009. The solid lines show the monthly normals of the turbidity coefficient. Vertical error bars show standard deviations of monthly means in the period of observation.
Fig. 4.3.2.2 Time series of Feussner-Dubois' turbidity coefficient (1960–2009) monthly-minimum averages in Japan.
Fig. 4.3.3.1 Time series of Feussner-Dubois' turbidity coefficient in 2009.
Fig. 4.3.3.2 Time series of Feussner-Dubois' turbidity coefficient for 1980–2009.
Fig. 5.1.1 Time series of pH in precipitation of daily sampling and monthly mean pH weighted by precipitation amounts sampled at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2009.
Fig. 5.1.2 Histograms of pH in precipitation of daily sampling at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2009.
Fig. 5.1.3 Time series of annual mean pH weighted by precipitation amounts at Ryori and Minamitorishima.
Fig. 5.2.1 Time series of sodium ion concentrations in precipitation of daily sampling and monthly mean concentrations weighted by precipitation amounts at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2009.
Fig. 5.2.2 Time series of monthly sodium ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2009.
Fig. 5.2.3 Time series of sulfate ion concentrations in precipitation of daily sampling and monthly mean concentrations weighted by precipitation amounts at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2009.
Fig. 5.2.4 Time series of monthly seasalt (ss) and non-seasalt (nss) sulfate ion deposition amounts (SO42−-S) contained in precipitation and dry deposition sampled at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2009.
Fig. 5.2.5 Time series of nitrate ion concentrations in precipitation of daily sampling and monthly mean concentrations weighted by precipitation amounts at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2009.
Fig. 5.2.6 Time series of monthly nitrate ion deposition amounts (NO3−-N) contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Ryori (a) and at Minamitorishima (b) in 2009.
Fig. 5.2.7 Time series of annual non-sea salt sulfate ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Ryori.
Fig. 5.2.8 Time series of annual nitrate ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Ryori.
Fig. 5.2.9 Time series of annual non-sea salt sulfate ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Minamitorishima.
Fig. 5.2.10 Time series of annual nitrate ion deposition amounts contained in precipitation and dry deposition at Minamitorishima.
Fig. 6.1.1 Distributions of floating tarballs: (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer and (d) autumn of 2009.
Fig. 6.1.2 Time series of the concentration of tarballs in the seas adjacent to Japan and along 137°E from 1978 to 2009. The areas are shown in Fig. 6.1.3.
Fig. 6.1.3 Areas for statistics on floating pollutants and floating tarballs: (A) the seas adjacent to Japan and (B) along 137°E.
Fig. 6.1.4 Distributions of floating pollutants: (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer and (d) autumn of 2009.
Fig. 6.1.5 Time series of the number of floating pollutants in the seas adjacent to Japan and along 137°E from 1977 to 2009. The areas are shown in Fig. 6.1.3.
Fig. 6.1.6 20-year averaged distribution of floating pollutants from 1981 to 2000 in 5 deg (latitude) × 5 deg (longitude) grids.
Fig. 6.2.1 Distributions of cadmium concentration in surface sea water: (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer and (d) autumn of 2009. Dots indicate observation stations. Values in parentheses indicate cadmium concentration at a depth of 1000 m.
Fig. 6.2.2 Distributions of mercury concentration in the surface sea water: (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer and (d) autumn of 2009. Dots indicate observation stations. Values in parentheses indicate mercury concentration at a depth of 1000 m.
Table 7.1.1.1 Specification of GAW stations for greenhouse gases, aerosols and precipitation chemistry operated by JMA.
| Station name | Ryori | Minamitorishima | Yonagunijima | Syowa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latitude | 39°02'N | 24°17'N | 24°28'N | 69°00'S | |
| Longitude | 141°49'E | 153°59'E | 123°01'E | 39°35'E | |
| Altitude | 260 m | 8 m | 30 m | 18 m | |
| WMO station number | 47513 | 47991 | 47912 | 89532 | |
| GAW station type | Regional | Global | Regional | Regional | |
| Parameter | CO2 | O | O | O | |
| CH4 | O | O | O | ||
| CO | O | O | O | ||
| O3 | O | O | O | O | |
| Chlorofluorocarbons | O | ||||
| N2O | O | ||||
| CH3CCl3 | O | ||||
| CCl4 | O | ||||
| Atmospheric deposition | O | O | |||
| Aerosol optical depth | O | O | O | O | |
| Aerosol vertical profile | O | ||||
Fig. 7.1.1.1 Location map of Ryori station.
Fig. 7.1.1.2 Location view of Ryori station.
Fig. 7.1.1.3 Daily mean, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and daily precipitation amounts at Ryori station in 2009.
Fig. 7.1.1.4 Monthly and annual wind roses at Ryori station in 2009.
Table 7.1.1.2 Observation parameters, frequency and instruments at Ryori station.
| Parameter | Start of observation | Frequency | Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 | January 1987 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. VIA500R |
| January 2004 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. VIA510R |
|
| January 2009 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) LI-COR Biosciences, Inc. LI-7000 |
|
| CH4 | January 1991 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| January 2009 | Continuous | Gas Chromatograph with FID Round Science Inc. RGC-1 |
|
| CO | January 1991 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| January 2009 | Continuous | Gas Chromatograph with RGD Round Science Inc. TRA-1 |
|
| O3 | January 1990 | Continuous | UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001F |
| January 2005 | Continuous | UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001FTP |
|
| January 2009 | Continuous | UV Ozone Monitor Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. 49i |
|
| Chlorofluorocarbons | January 1990 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD Yanaco Ohgi Co., Ltd. AG-1000EN |
| September 2003 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-14B |
|
| February 2008 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-2014 |
|
| N2O | January 1990 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD Yanaco Ohgi Co., Ltd. AG-1000EN |
| March 2004 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-14B |
|
| February 2008 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-2014 |
|
| CH3CCl3 CCl4 |
January 1991 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD Yanaco Ohgi Co., Ltd. AG-1000EN |
| March 2005 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-14B |
|
| February 2008 | Once per hour | Gas Chromatograph with ECD THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOS CO., LTD. Shimadzu Corporation GC-2014 |
|
| Atmospheric deposition | January 1976 | Once per day (precipitation) month (atmosphere) |
Automatic Sampler Ogasawara Keiki Seisakusho Co.,LTD. |
| Aerosol optical depth | January 1988 | Three times per day | Sunphotometer EKO INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD. MS-110 |
| January 2006 | Three times per day | Sunphotometer PMOD/WRC PFR |
|
| April 2007 | Continuous | ||
| Aerosol vertical profile | March 2002 | Four times per day | Lidar NEC Corporation |
Fig. 7.1.1.5 Location map of Minamitorishima station.
Fig. 7.1.1.6 Location view of Minamitorishima station.
Fig. 7.1.1.7 Daily mean, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and daily precipitation amounts at Minamitorishima station in 2009.
Fig. 7.1.1.8 Monthly and annual wind roses at Minamitorishima station in 2009.
Table 7.1.1.3 Observation parameters, frequency and instruments at Minamitorishima station.
| Parameter | Start of observation | Frequency | Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 | March 1993 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. VIA510R |
| CH4 | January 1994 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| CO | January 1994 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| O3 | January 1994 | Continuous | UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001F |
| January 2007 | Continuous | UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001FTP |
|
| Atmospheric deposition | January 1996 | Once per day (precipitation) month (atmosphere) |
Automatic Sampler Ogasawara Keiki Seisakusho Co.,LTD. |
| Aerosol optical depth | January 1995 | Three times per day | Sunphotometer EKO INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD. MS-110 |
| April 2007 | Continuous | Sunphotometer PMOD/WRC PFR |
Fig. 7.1.1.9 Location map of Yonagunijima station.
Fig. 7.1.1.10 Location view of Yonagunijima station.
Fig. 7.1.1.11 Daily mean, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and daily precipitation amounts at Yonagunijima station in 2009.
Fig. 7.1.1.12 Monthly and annual wind roses at Yonagunijima station in 2009.
Table 7.1.1.4 Observation parameters, frequency and instruments at Yonagunijima station.
| Parameter | Start of observation | Frequency | Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 | January 1997 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. VIA510R |
| January 2008 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) LI-COR Biosciences, Inc. LI-7000 |
|
| CH4 | January 1998 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| January 2008 | Continuous | Gas Chromatograph with FID Round Science Inc. RGC-1 |
|
| CO | January 1998 | Continuous | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR) HORIBA, Ltd. GA360-S |
| January 2008 | Continuous | Gas Chromatograph with RGD Round Science Inc. TRA-1 |
|
| O3 | January 1997 | Continuous | UV Ozone Monitor EBARA JITSUGYO CO.,LTD. EG-2001F |
| January 2008 | Continuous | UV Ozone Monitor Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. 49i |
|
| Aerosol optical depth | January 1998 | Three time per day | Sunphotometer EKO INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD. MS-110 |
| April 2007 | Continuous | Sunphotometer PMOD/WRC PFR |
Fig. 7.1.1.13 Location map of Syowa station.
Fig. 7.1.1.14 Location view of Syowa station.
Fig. 7.1.1.15 Daily mean, daily maximum and minimum temperatures at Syowa station in 2009.
Fig. 7.1.1.16 Monthly and annual wind roses at Syowa station in 2009.
Table 7.1.1.5 Observation parameters, frequency and instruments at Syowa station.
| Parameter | Start of observation | Frequency | Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| O3 | January 1997 | Continuous | UV Ozone Monitor Dylec Inc. MODEL1100 |
| Aerosol optical depth | January 1980 | Continuous | Sunphotometer EKO Instruments Co., Ltd. MS-110 |
Fig. 7.1.1.17 Meteorology observation field at Ryori.
Fig. 7.1.1.18 Meteorological data observation system at Ryori.
Fig. 7.1.1.19 Isentropic backward trajectories in 2009 over Ryori (blue lines), Minamitorishima (red lines) and Yonagunijima (green lines). Trajectories reverse to seven days before. [January–March, April–June, July–September, October–December]
Fig. 7.1.1.20 Map of regions divided for air-mass trajectory analysis.
Fig. 7.1.1.21 Divisional footprints of air masses reaching Ryori in 2009. [January–June, July–December]
Fig. 7.1.1.22 Divisional footprints of air masses reaching Minamitorishima in 2009. [January–June, July–December]
Fig. 7.1.1.23 Divisional footprints of air masses reaching Yonagunijima in 2009. [January–June, July–December]
Fig. 7.1.1.24 Time series for monthly mean ratios of footprints of air masses reaching Ryori (top), Minamitorishima (middle) and Yonagunijima (bottom). The figures on the left show the averages for the period from 1996 to 2005, and those on the right show the values for 2009.
Table 7.1.2.1 Location and observation parameters of the stations for ozone and ultraviolet radiation observation.
| Station name | Sapporo | Tsukuba | Kagoshima | Naha | Minamitorishima | Syowa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latitude | 43°04'N | 36°03'N | 31°33'N | 26°12'N | 24°17'N | 69°00'S | |
| Longitude | 141°20'E | 140°08'E | 130°33'E | 127°41'E | 153°59'E | 39°35'E | |
| Altitude | 26.3 m | 31.0 m | 31.7 m | 27.5 m | 8.5 m | 21.8 m | |
| WMO station number | 47412 | 47646 | 47827 | 47936 | 47991 | 89532 | |
| Parameter | Total ozone | O | O | O | O | O | O |
| Umkehr | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| Ozonesonde | O | O | O | O | O | ||
| Spectral UV radiation | O | O | O | O | O | ||
| Note: Observation at Kagoshima terminated in March 2005. |
Fig. 7.1.2.1 Location of the stations for ozone and ultraviolet radiation observation.
Fig. 7.1.3.1 Geographical maps of stations reporting Kosa dust observation as of 31 December 2009. The total number is 67.
Table 7.1.4.1 Stations for direct solar radiation observation.
| Station name | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude | WMO station number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sapporo | 43°03.5' | 141°19.7' | 17.2 m | 47412 |
| Tsukuba | 36°03.4' | 140°07.5' | 25.2 m | 47646 |
| Fukuoka | 33°34.9' | 130°22.5' | 2.5 m | 47807 |
| Ishigakijima | 24°20.2' | 124°09.8' | 5.7 m | 47918 |
| Minamitorishima | 24°17.3' | 153°59.0' | 7.1 m | 47991 |
Fig. 7.2.1.1 CO2 observation system at Yonagunijima station.
Fig. 7.2.1.2 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Ryori in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.1.3 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.1.4 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2009.
Table 7.2.1.1 Threshold value for background data for CO2.
| Site | Period | Standard deviation | Continuity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ryori | January 1987 - | 0.6 ppm | 0.6 ppm |
| Minamitorishima | March 1993 - | 0.3 ppm | 0.3 ppm |
| Yonagunijima | January 1997 - | 0.6 ppm | 0.3 ppm |
Fig. 7.2.2.1 CH4 observation system at Yonagunijima station.
Fig. 7.2.2.2 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Ryori in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.2.3 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.2.4 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2009.
Table 7.2.2.1 Threshold value for background data for CH4.
| Site | Period | Standard deviation | Continuity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ryori | February 1996 - December 2008 | 7 ppb | 6 ppb |
| January 2009 - | 6 ppb | 6 ppb | |
| Minamitorishima | January 1994 - | 6 ppb | 6 ppb |
| Yonagunijima | January 1998 - December 2007 | 7 ppb | 6 ppb |
| January 2008 - | 6 ppb | 6 ppb |
Fig. 7.2.3.1 Chlorofluorocarbon observation system at Ryori station.
Fig. 7.2.3.2 CH3CCl3 and CCl4 observation system at Ryori station.
Fig. 7.2.4.1 N2O observation system at Ryori station.
Fig. 7.2.5.1 CO observation system at Yonagunijima station.
Fig. 7.2.5.2 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO concentrations at Ryori in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.5.3 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.5.4 Time series of hourly mean atmospheric CO concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2009.
Table 7.2.5.1 Threshold value for background data in CO.
| Site | Period | Standard deviation | Continuity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ryori | January 1991 - December 2008 | 8 ppb | 4 ppb |
| January 2009 - | 6 ppb | 4 ppb | |
| Minamitorishima | January 1994 - | 4 ppb | 4 ppb |
| Yonagunijima | January 1998 - December 2007 | 8 ppb | 4 ppb |
| January 2008 - | 6 ppb | 4 ppb |
Fig. 7.2.6.1 Surface O3 observation system at Yonagunijima station.
Fig. 7.2.6.2 Time series of hourly mean surface O3 concentrations at Ryori in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.6.3 Time series of hourly mean surface O3 concentrations at Minamitorishima in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.6.4 Time series of hourly mean surface O3 concentrations at Yonagunijima in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.6.5 Time series of hourly mean surface O3 concentrations at Syowa in 2009.
Fig. 7.2.7.1 Dobson spectrophotometer.
Fig. 7.2.9.1 KC Type (left) and ECC Type (right) ozonesonde.
Fig. 7.2.10.1 Brewer spectrophotometer.
Fig. 7.2.10.2 Broadband UV radiometer.
Fig. 7.2.11.1 Sunphotometer.
Fig. 7.2.12.1 Lidar.
Fig. 7.2.12.2 View of lidar in operation.
Table 7.2.12.1 Basic specifications of the aerosol lidar.
| Laser | ||
|---|---|---|
| Output wavelength | 532 [nm] | |
| Output energy | 300 [mJ] / pulse | |
| Pulse width | 3.5 [nsec] | |
| Pulse frequency | 10 [Hz] | |
| Beam divergence | 0.12 [mrad] | |
| Model | Continuum, Inc., Surelite I I-10 | |
| Telescope | Troposphere | Stratosphere |
| Aperture | 28 [cm] | 35.5 [cm] |
| Design | Schmidt-Cassegrain | Schmidt-Cassegrain |
| Model | Celestron, LLC., SC-280L | Celestron, LLC., SC-355L |
| Photodetector | ||
| Detector | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. R3234-01, R3237-01 | |
| Signal analyzer | ||
| Data collection | Analogue detection | Analogue detection / photon counting |
| Signal processor | Licel GmbH, TR20-160 | |
Fig. 7.2.13.1 Views of Osaka city on 21 March 2010 (courtesy of Mr Kenichi Adachi, Osaka District Meteorological Observatory).
Fig. 7.2.13.2 Views of Osaka city on 22 March 2010 (courtesy of Mr Kenichi Adachi, Osaka District Meteorological Observatory).
Fig. 7.2.14.1 Direct solar radiation observing system.
Fig. 7.2.14.2 Precise radiation observing system.
Fig. 7.2.15.1 Precipitation and dry deposition sampling system at Minamitorishima station.
Fig. 7.3.1.1 CO2 calibration system at the JMA headquaters.
Fig. 7.3.1.2 CO2 calibration architecture of JMA.
Fig. 7.3.2.1 CH4 calibration system at the JMA headquaters.
Fig. 7.3.2.2 CH4 calibration architecture of JMA.
Fig. 7.3.3.1 N2O calibration system at the JMA headquaters.
Fig. 7.3.2.2 N2O calibration architecture of JMA.
Fig. 7.3.4.1 CO calibration system at the JMA headquaters.
Fig. 7.3.4.2 CO calibration architecture of JMA.
Fig. 7.3.5.1 Surface O3 calibration system at the JMA headquaters.
Fig. 7.3.5.2 O3 calibration architecture of JMA.
Table 7.3.6.1 Dobson spectrophotometer intercomparison for regional standards.
| Year | Venue |
|---|---|
| 1977 | Boulder, USA |
| 1984 | Melbourne, Australia |
| 1989 | Mauna Loa, USA |
| 1992 | Boulder, USA |
| 1995 | Arosa, Switzerland |
| 1998 | Boulder, USA |
| 2001 | Mauna Loa, USA |
| 2004 | Boulder, USA |
| 2007 | Boulder, USA |
| 2010 | Mauna Loa, USA |
Table 7.3.6.2 Dobson spectrophotometer comparison for the Japanese network.
| Station | Sapporo | Kagoshima | Naha |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Comparison |
September 1994 July 1997 April 1998 October 2000 September 2003 October 2006 July 2009 |
October 1995 August 1998 November 2001 July 2004 May 2005 (Observation terminated in March 2005.） |
March 1994 October 1996 November 1999 October 2002 July 2005 October 2008 |
Table 7.3.7.1 Brewer spectrophotometer intercomparison for the Japanese standard.
| Year | Venue |
|---|---|
| 1994 | Boulder, USA |
| 1997 | Toronto, Canada |
| 2002 | Toronto, Canada |
| 2006 | Toronto, Canada |
| 2010 | Toronto, Canada |
Table 7.3.7.2 Brewer spectrophotometer comparison for the Japanese network.
| Station | Sapporo | Kagoshima | Naha |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Comparison |
February 1996 July 1997 October 2000 August 2001 November 2001 July 2003 October 2007 October 2010 |
October 1995 October 1997 September 1998 March 2000 August 2001 November 2001 November 2002 May 2005 (Observation terminated in March 2005) |
October 1996 November 1999 May 2000* August 2001 December 2001 November 2001 November 2004 September 2006 April 2010 * calibration only |
Fig. 7.3.8.1 Calibration using the Langley method.
Fig. 7.3.9.1 Group of world standards for absolute radiometers.
Fig. 7.3.9.2 Scene of international pyrheliometer comparisons.
Fig. 7.3.9.3 Scene of international pyrheliometer comparisons, photo by PMOD/WRC.
Table 7.3.9.1 History of international pyrheliometer comparisons.
| Year | Venue | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1959 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 2 | 1964 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 3 | 1970 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 4 | 1975 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 5 | 1980 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 6 | 1985 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 7 | 1990 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 8 | 1995 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 9 | 2000 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 10 | 2005 | Davos, Switzerland |
| 11 | 2010 | Davos, Switzerland |
Table 7.3.10.1 Equivalent weights for selected anions and cations.
| Anion / cation | Equivalent weight (g) |
|---|---|
| Cl− | 35.45 |
| NO3− | 62.01 |
| SO42− | 48.03 |
| NH3+ | 18.04 |
| Na+ | 22.99 |
| K+ | 39.1 |
| Mg2+ | 12.15 |
| Ca2+ | 20.04 |
Table 7.3.10.2 Required criteria for ion balance.
| Anion + cation (µeq / l) | Ion Difference Tolerance (%) |
|---|---|
| ≤ 50 | ≤ ±60 |
| > 50 and ≤ 100 | ≤ ±30 |
| > 100 and ≤ 500 | ≤ ±15 |
| > 500 | ≤ ±10 |
Table 7.3.10.3 Molar or equivalent ionic conductances at infinite dilution and 25°C (from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 66th Edition, 1985–1986, pp. 167–168).
| Ion | Molar ionic conductivity Λi0 (Scm2/mol) |
|---|---|
| H+ | 349.7 |
| Cl− | 76.3 |
| NO3− | 71.4 |
| SO42− | 160.0 |
| NH3+ | 73.5 |
| Na+ | 50.1 |
| K+ | 73.5 |
| Mg2+ | 106.0 |
| Ca2+ | 119.0 |
| HCO3− | 44.5 |
Table 7.3.10.4 Required criteria for conductivity balance.
| Measured conductivity (µS / cm) | Tolerance Δk (%) |
|---|---|
| ≤ 5 | ≤ ±50 |
| > 5 and ≤ 30 | ≤ ±30 |
| > 30 | ≤ ±20 |
Fig. 7.4.1 JMA's research vessels (Ryofu Maru, Kofu Maru, Keifu Maru, Chofu Maru and Seifu Maru).
Fig. 7.4.2 Principal observational lines (solid lines) and stations (open circles) for heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons (open circles) of JMA research vessels.
Table 7.4.1 List of observation parameters, instruments and sampling methods for greenhouse gases and related substances.
| Parameter | Instrument | Sampling Method | Sample |
|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 | Non-dispersive Infrared Analyzer Rosemount Analytical MLT 3.1 |
Continuous | Air and seawater |
| Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) |
Coulometric titration system UIC Inc. MODEL 5012 |
Water sampling at monitoring point |
Seawater |
| CH4 | Gas chromatograph with FID Shimadzu Corporation GC-8A |
Continuous | Air and seawater |
| Gas chromatograph with FID Shimadzu Corporation GC-8A |
Water sampling at monitoring point |
Seawater |
Table 7.4.2 List of observation parameters, instruments and frequencies of marine pollutants.
| Category | Parameter | Instrument | Frequency or Point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Floating pollutants | Oil slick and floating plastics | Visual observation | Continuous in the daytime |
| Floating tarballs | Neuston net | Once a day | |
| Petroleum hydrocarbons | Fluorescent spectrophotometer Shimadzu Corporation RF-5300PC | Prescribed monitoring points | |
| Heavy metals | Cadmium | Graphite furnace atomic absorbance spectroscopy VARIAN Spectra AA 220Z | Prescribed monitoring points |
| Mercury | Cold atomic absorption spectrometer Nippon Instruments, Co., Ltd. CR-1A, MD-1 | Prescribed monitoring points |
Fig. 8.1.1 Response function of the Lanczos filter. An input signal with a frequency of 0.48 cycles/year is halved in amplitude after passing through this low-pass filter.
Fig. 8.1.2 Power spectra of monthly mean variation (solid line) and deseasonalized long-term variation (broken line) of CO2 concentration at Ryori. The deseasonalized long-term variation is derived by the filtering method described in the text.
Fig. 8.1.3 Time series of monthly mean CO2 concentrations (dots and thin line) and deseasonalized long-term variation (thick line) at Ryori (top). Detrended yearly seasonal cycles of CO2 concentration expressed as deviation of monthly mean concentrations from deseasonalized long-term variation at Ryori (bottom).
Fig. 9.1 Cover page of the latest WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin.
Fig. 9.1.1 Conceptual framework of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme quality systems and major interactions involved.
Table 9.1.1 Overview of the GAW world central facilities (as of January 2011).
| Variable | Quality Assurance / Science Activity Centre (QA/SAC) | Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL) Host of Primary Standard | World Calibration Centre (WCC) | Regional Calibration Centre (RCC) | World Data Centre (WDC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 | JMA (A/O) | ESRL | ESRL | JMA | |
| carbon isotopes | MPI-BGC | JMA | |||
| CH4 | Empa (Am, E/A) JMA (A/O) | ESRL | Empa (Am, E/A) JMA (A/O) | JMA | |
| N2O | UBA | ESRL | IMK-IFU | JMA | |
| CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs | JMA | ||||
| Total Ozone | JMA (A/O) | ESRL1, Environment Canada2 | ESRL1, Environment Canada2 | BoM1, ESRL1, IZO2, JMA1, MOHp1, MGO3, OCBA1, SAWS1, SOO-HK1 | Environment Canada5, DLR6 |
| Ozone Sondes | FZ-Jülich | FZ-Jülich | FZ-Jülich | Environment Canada | |
| Surface Ozone | Empa | NIST | Empa | OCBA, SOO-HK | JMA |
| Precipitation Chemistry | ASRC-SUNY | ISWS | ASRC-SUNY | ASRC-SUNY | |
| CO | Empa | ESRL | Empa | JMA | |
| VOC | UBA | IMK-IFU | JMA | ||
| SO2 | JMA | ||||
| NOx | FZ-Jülich (NO) | JMA | |||
| Aerosol | UBA (physical properties) | IfT (physical properties) | NILU5, DLR6 | ||
| Aerosol Optical Depth | PMOD/WRC4 | PMOD/WRC | NILU | ||
| UV Radiation | ESRL (Am) | Environment Canada | |||
| Solar Radiation | PMOD/WRC | PMOD/WRC | MGO | ||
| H2 | MPI-BGC | JMA |
| Am: Americas; E/A: Europe and Africa; A/O: Asia and the South-West Pacific 1 Dobson, 2 Brewer, 3 Filter instruments, 4 Precision Filter Radiometers (PFR), 5 ground-based, 6 satellite-based |
| ASRC-SUNY: | Atmospheric Sciences Research Centre, State University of New York (SUNY), Albany NY, USA (World Data Centre for Precipitation Chemistry, WDCPC) |
| BoM: | Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia (Regional Dobson Calibration Centre, RDCC for Australia) |
| DLR: | German Aerospace Centre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany (Word Data Centre for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, WDC-RSAT) |
| ESRL: | Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder CO, USA |
| Empa: | Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland (QA/SAC Switzerland and WCC-Empa) |
| Environment Canada: | Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada (World Ozone and UV Data Centre, WOUDC) |
| FZ-Jülich: | Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany |
| IfT: | Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany |
| IMK-IFU: | Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany |
| ISWS: | Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign IL, USA |
| IZO: | Izaña Observatory, Tenerife, Spain (Regional Brewer Calibration Centre, RBCC) |
| JMA: | Japan Meteorological Agency |
| MGO: | A.I. Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental, St. Petersburg, Russia (World Radiation Data Centre, WRDC; RCC for Filter Instruments) |
| MOHp: | Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeissenberg (Regional Dobson Calibration Centre, RDCC for Europe) |
| NILU: | Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway |
| NIST: | National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA |
| OCBA: | Observatorio Central Buenos Aires, Argentina (Regional Dobson Calibration Centre, RDCC for South America) |
| PMOD/WRC: | Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Centre, Davos, Switzerland |
| SAWS: | South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa (Regional Dobson Calibration Centre, RDCC for Africa) |
| SOO-HK: | Solar and Ozone Observatory, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (RCC) |
| UBA: | German Environmental Protection Agency, Berlin, Germany |
Fig. 9.2.1 Time series of the number of data reporting stations and data amounts reported to the WDCGG as of October 2009.
Fig. 9.2.2 Locations of stations reporting data to the WDCGG as of December 2010.
Fig. 9.2.3 Homepage of the WDCGG website.
Table 9.2.1 Number of stations reporting data to the WDCGG as of December 2010.
| Region I |
Region II |
Region III |
Region IV |
Region V |
Region VI |
Antarctica | Mobile | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Submission | 16 | 43 | 8 | 64 | 34 | 123 | 15 | 48 | 351 |
| Station | 12 | 42 | 6 | 58 | 26 | 102 | 11 | 48 | 305 |
| Country | 11 | 13 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 31 | 7 | 4 | 63 |
| CO2 | 12 | 38 | 6 | 42 | 28 | 47 | 10 | 21 | 204 |
| CH4 | 11 | 26 | 5 | 48 | 28 | 35 | 10 | 25 | 188 |
| N2O | 1 | 8 | 1 | 19 | 14 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 65 |
| Halocarbons | 0 | 6 | 6 | 96 | 80 | 52 | 23 | 45 | 308 |
| SF6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 9 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 36 |
| O3 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 17 | 8 | 54 | 5 | 0 | 101 |
| CO | 10 | 18 | 4 | 34 | 26 | 31 | 9 | 3 | 135 |
| VOCs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 1 | 19 |
| Nitrogen Oxides | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 85 |
| SO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 51 |
| H2 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 25 | 23 | 13 | 7 | 3 | 91 |
| Stable isotopes | 15 | 28 | 4 | 68 | 46 | 29 | 13 | 8 | 211 |
| Other gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 14 |
Fig. 9.3.1 QA/SAC activity at Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Table 9.3.1 Summary of QA/SAC activities.
| (1) Visit of JMA's Experts | ||
|---|---|---|
| Anmyeondo, Republic of Korea | November 1999 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Waliguan, China | November 1999 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Cape Grim, Australia | January 2001 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Bukit Koto Tabang, Indonesia | January 2002 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Danum Valley, Malaysia | February 2003 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Manila, Philippines | March 2004 | Ozone layer monitoring |
| Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea | November 2004 | Ozone layer monitoring |
| Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea | July–August 2006 | Ozone layer monitoring |
| Manila, Philippines | April 2010 | Ozone layer monitoring |
| (2) Visit of Experts to JMA | ||
| Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan | January–February 2000 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Korea Meteorological Administration | June 2000 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| China Meteorological Administration | February–March 2001 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences | March 2002 | Ozone layer monitoring |
| Korea Meteorological Administration | October 2003 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Korea Meteorological Administration | October 2004 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Malaysia Meteorological Department | November 2005 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Korea Meteorological Administration | July 2007 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Korea Meteorological Administration | May 2009 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Hong Kong Observatory | October 2009 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
| Korea Meteorological Administration | May 2010 | Greenhouse gas monitoring |
Fig. 9.4.1 Schematic diagram of the methane reference gas intercomparison in Asia and the South-West Pacific.
Fig. 9.4.2 Results of the methane reference gas intercomparison.
JMA: Japan Meteorological Agency, CMA: China Meteorological Administration, KMA: Korea Meteorological Administration, CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, NIWA: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd., TU: Tohoku University, NIES: National Institute for Environmental Studies, KRISS: Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science.
Fig. 9.4.3 Calibration system for Dobson spectrophotometers.
Fig. 9.4.4 Dobson regional intercomparison for Asia at the Aerological Observatory in Tsukuba, Japan in 2006.
Table 9.4.1 Results of the methane reference gas intercomparison.
| Participating Laboratory and Location |
Date of Measurement | Cylinder Number | Scale | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPB13002 | CPB13003 | |||||||
| Conc. (ppb) |
SD (ppb) |
N | Conc. (ppb) |
SD (ppb) |
N | |||
| 1. Asia JMA: Japan Meteorological Agency CMA: China Meteorological Administration KMA: Korea Meteorological Administration NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A. AES: Atmospheric Environment Service (now Meteorological Service of Canada) CMDL: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (now Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)), U.S.A. |
||||||||
| JMA Tokyo |
2001.4.24–25 | 1809.7 | 1.1 | 10 | 1960.1 | 0.9 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| CMA Mt. Waliguan |
2001.7.21–24 | 1822.9 | 11.7 | 99 | 1980.5 | 9.8 | 99 | AES |
| KMA Anmyeondo |
2001.9.3–5 | 1786.4 | 1.1 | 45 | 1935.7 | 1.4 | 45 | CMDL |
| JMA Tokyo |
2001.11.5–6 | 1810.8 | 1.6 | 10 | 1959.8 | 1.3 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 2. South-West Pacific CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NIWA: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd. NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.A. |
||||||||
| JMA Tokyo |
2002.4.15–16 | 1810.3 | 1.3 | 10 | 1959.8 | 1.1 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| CSIRO Aspendale |
2003.3 | 1787.38 | 2.0 | 67 | 1937.33 | 2.1 | 72 | CSIRO1994 |
| NIWA Wellington |
2003.7 | 1817.84 | 1.79 | 10 | 1968.95 | 2.23 | 10 | NIST |
| JMA Tokyo |
2003.12.15–16 | 1810.6 | 0.8 | 10 | 1959.3 | 1.7 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 3. Japan TU: Tohoku University NIES: National Institute for Environmental Studies |
||||||||
| TU Sendai |
2004.9.28 | 1810.5 | 1.7 | 11 | 1961.2 | 1.6 | 11 | Gravimetric Scale |
| NIES Tsukuba |
2004.12.20– 2005.2.14 |
1812.1 | 1.4 | 84 | 1963.4 | 1.0 | 82 | NIES94 |
| JMA Tokyo |
2005.3.3–8 | 1809.7 | 1.9 | 10 | 1960.3 | 1.7 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| Participating Laboratory and Location |
Date of Measurement | Cylinder Number | Scale | |||||
| CPB31289 | CPB31288 | |||||||
| Conc. (ppb) |
SD (ppb) |
N | Conc. (ppb) |
SD (ppb) |
N | |||
| 4. Asia KRISS: Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science |
||||||||
| JMA Tokyo |
2005.7.6–7 | 1695.3 | 1.6 | 10 | 1874.2 | 1.8 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| CMA Mt. Waliguan |
2006.2 | 1670.1 | 1.9 | 103 | 1845.4 | 2.3 | 167 | AES |
| KMA Anmyeondo |
2006.4.18–27 | 1695.8 | 1.5 | 70 | 1872.7 | 1.4 | 80 | KRISS |
| KRISS Daejeon |
2006.6.26–30 | 1698.3 | 1.2 | 9 | 1877.1 | 0.9 | 8 | KRISS |
| JMA Tokyo |
2006.8.21–22 | 1695.9 | 1.1 | 10 | 1874.9 | 0.7 | 9 | NOAA04 |
| 5. South-West Pacific | ||||||||
| JMA Tokyo |
2006.12.25–26 | 1695.6 | 1.0 | 10 | 1875.5 | 1.2 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| CSIRO Aspendale |
2007.1.31–3.28 | 1695.0 | 0.8 | 68 | 1875.7 | 0.8 | 80 | NOAA04 |
| NIWA Wellington |
2008.3.12 | 1692.54 | 1.88 | 10 | 1874.31 | 1.87 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| JMA Tokyo |
2008.8.18–19 | 1696.2 | 1.6 | 10 | 1875.3 | 1.8 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| Participating Laboratory and Location |
Date of Measurement | Cylinder Number | Scale | |||||
| CPB13002 | CPB13003 | |||||||
| Conc. (ppb) |
SD (ppb) |
N | Conc. (ppb) |
SD (ppb) |
N | |||
| 6. Asia | ||||||||
| JMA Tokyo |
2008.5.1-2 | 1664.4 | 1.2 | 10 | 1848.3 | 1.8 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| KRISS Daejeon |
2008.9–11 | 1665.1 | 0.2 | 5 | 1851.2 | 0.2 | 5 | KRISS |
| KMA Anmyeondo |
2008.10–11 | 1665.6 | 1.2 | 12 | 1851.3 | 1.4 | 12 | KRISS |
| CMA Mt. Waliguan |
2009.4.3–5 | 1661.1 | 0.9 | 14 | 1847.0 | 0.8 | 14 | NOAA04 |
| 2009.4.13–14 | 1662.3 | 0.2 | 9 | 1847.2 | 0.3 | 9 | NOAA04 | |
| 2009.4.14–16 | 1659.3 | 5.2 | 10 | 1846.1 | 1.9 | 10 | NOAA04 | |
| CMA Beijing |
2009.4.28–29 | 1661.9 | 2.0 | 10 | 1847.5 | 0.6 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| 2009.4.29 | 1662.5 | 0.2 | 9 | 1847.3 | 0.1 | 9 | NOAA04 | |
| 2009.4.30 | 1662.2 | 1.6 | 12 | 1847.2 | 1.8 | 12 | NOAA04 | |
| JMA Tokyo |
2009.7.1-2 | 1664.3 | 1.1 | 10 | 1846.7 | 1.7 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| Participating Laboratory and Location |
Date of Measurement | Cylinder Number | Scale | |||||
| CPB31289 | CPB31288 | |||||||
| Conc. (ppb) |
SD (ppb) |
N | Conc. (ppb) |
SD (ppb) |
N | |||
| 7. Japan | ||||||||
| JMA Tokyo |
2009.6.17–18 | 1697.1 | 1.6 | 10 | 1874.8 | 1.8 | 10 | NOAA04 |
| NIES Tsukuba |
2009.10.4–6 | 1697.3 | 0.8 | 36 | 1877.9 | 0.5 | 36 | NIES94 |
| TU Sendai |
2009.11.9–2009.12.4 | 1697.1 | 1.3 | 42 | 1877.2 | 1.2 | 42 | Gravimetric Scale |
| JMA Tokyo |
2010.1.28–29 | 1695.1 | 1.0 | 10 | 1875.4 | 1.1 | 10 | NOAA04 |
Fig. 9.5.1 World calibration scheme for solar radiation observation.
Fig. 9.5.2 Pyrheliometer intercomparison for WMO Regional Association II at Mt. Tsukuba in January 2007.
Fig. 9.6.1 Operated and planned BSRN stations (November 2010).
